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Sociology

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Sociology is the scientific study of society that focuses on social class, culture, law, health, and deviance through empirical investigation and critical analysis. It aims to understand human social activities and determine laws governing human behaviors by distinguishing them from social processes. Some key contributors include Plato, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim. Common research methods include quantitative methods like experiments and surveys as well as qualitative methods like observation. Major challenges include addressing subjectivity, inconsistency, and individual differences when studying humans and society.

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Sociology Scientific study of society Empirical investigation & critical analysis Focuses: social class, culture, law, health, and devianceetc. By: Allen Wang, Fendi Shih, Kevin Lo
Objectives / Goals Understand human social activities Determine laws governing human behaviors Human behaviors vs. Social processes
History & Main Contributors Main contributors: 1. Plato early social analysis 2. Auguste Comte defined sociology 3. Karl Marx Marxism 4. Emile Durkheim formal academic sociology History: 1780: coined by the French Auguste Comte 1875: 1st sociology course in Yale 1895: 1st sociology department 1897: the book Suicide structural functionalism
Methods of Inquiry 1. Quantitative: Popular Designs: Ex: Experiments 1. Cross-sectional: 2. Qualitative: participants of different Ex: Survey, Observation ages 2. Longitudinal: same individuals repeatedly 3. Cross-sequential: tests cross-sectional sample more than once
Major Problems Humans & society: Subjectivity Inconsistency Individual differences In qualitative researches: Distortion Generalization difficulties
Outsiders (1963) Chicago Dance Musicians Howard Saul Becker (1963) Labeling Theory Aim: examine the formation of deviant cultures to support his Labeling Theory
Design Participant observation Participants: Chicago dance musicians (30~40 yrs old) Variables: N/A Materials: N/A Procedures: (direct overt observation) Day: family life Night: musician
Findings Dance musicians consider themselves as "outsiders Conform to the subculture Isolated themselves as a deviant culture
Significance Contributes to the labeling theory Recognized as a prevailing social approach Todays study of deviance One of the first Bbooks supporting the labeling theory
Critical Evaluation/Critique Participant observation: Researcher bias Subjectivity Unethical: Labeled as a deviant subculture Culturally biased Difficulty in generalization Labeling Theory: Untestable (Ridlon 1988)

More Related Content

Sociology

  • 1. Sociology Scientific study of society Empirical investigation & critical analysis Focuses: social class, culture, law, health, and devianceetc. By: Allen Wang, Fendi Shih, Kevin Lo
  • 2. Objectives / Goals Understand human social activities Determine laws governing human behaviors Human behaviors vs. Social processes
  • 3. History & Main Contributors Main contributors: 1. Plato early social analysis 2. Auguste Comte defined sociology 3. Karl Marx Marxism 4. Emile Durkheim formal academic sociology History: 1780: coined by the French Auguste Comte 1875: 1st sociology course in Yale 1895: 1st sociology department 1897: the book Suicide structural functionalism
  • 4. Methods of Inquiry 1. Quantitative: Popular Designs: Ex: Experiments 1. Cross-sectional: 2. Qualitative: participants of different Ex: Survey, Observation ages 2. Longitudinal: same individuals repeatedly 3. Cross-sequential: tests cross-sectional sample more than once
  • 5. Major Problems Humans & society: Subjectivity Inconsistency Individual differences In qualitative researches: Distortion Generalization difficulties
  • 6. Outsiders (1963) Chicago Dance Musicians Howard Saul Becker (1963) Labeling Theory Aim: examine the formation of deviant cultures to support his Labeling Theory
  • 7. Design Participant observation Participants: Chicago dance musicians (30~40 yrs old) Variables: N/A Materials: N/A Procedures: (direct overt observation) Day: family life Night: musician
  • 8. Findings Dance musicians consider themselves as "outsiders Conform to the subculture Isolated themselves as a deviant culture
  • 9. Significance Contributes to the labeling theory Recognized as a prevailing social approach Todays study of deviance One of the first Bbooks supporting the labeling theory
  • 10. Critical Evaluation/Critique Participant observation: Researcher bias Subjectivity Unethical: Labeled as a deviant subculture Culturally biased Difficulty in generalization Labeling Theory: Untestable (Ridlon 1988)

Editor's Notes

  • #2: -the scientific study of society -a social science that uses methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis - Focuses include: social class, culture, religion, law, deviance, health, and even the Internet.
  • #3: -to develop a descriptive understanding about the human social activities-to determine the laws governing human behaviour in social contexts -examines how human behaviour can be influenced by social processes
  • #4: Plato:Earliest social analyistAuguste Comte : defined the diciplineKarl Marx : MarxismEmile Durkheim : Formal academic sociology
  • #7: Outsiders: explain what this is (say its Beckers book notable for the idea of his labeling theory.)Labeling Theory: the idea that a social deviant is not an inherently deviant individual, rather they become deviant because they are labeled as such.Deviance:the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, esp. in social or sexual behavior.