Sociology
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Sociology is the scientific study of society that focuses on social class, culture, law, health, and deviance through empirical investigation and critical analysis. It aims to understand human social activities and determine laws governing human behaviors by distinguishing them from social processes. Some key contributors include Plato, Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim. Common research methods include quantitative methods like experiments and surveys as well as qualitative methods like observation. Major challenges include addressing subjectivity, inconsistency, and individual differences when studying humans and society.
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Thinking About and Researching the Social World
Classical Sociological Theory
What is a theory?
Theory: A set of interrelated ideas that have a wide range of
application, deal with centrally important issues, and have stood the
test of time (Ritzer, 2016).
Theories condense concepts in order to organize the social world
Sociologists use theories in order to identify and frame ideas
Influences on the Emergence of Sociological Theory
The Industrial Revolution
Political revolutions (French and American revolutions)
The rise of socialism
The civil/womens rights movements
The growth of science, the replacement of faith by science
Early Theorists
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
French philosopher
Originally termed his studies social physics he eventually coined the term
sociology to distinguish his work from others.
He believed sociology could use science to
understand, predict, and control human behavior for
the welfare of humanity.
The Religion of Humanity
Tenets: altruism, order, progress, introduction,
admission, destination, marriage, retirement, separation,
incorporation
Early Theorists
Harriet Martineau (18021876)
Born and Educated in England
Credited with bringing sociology to England
Argued that sociologists must focus on all aspects of society
Including women
First to look at issues such as marriage, children, domestic and
religious life as well as issues of race
Argued that sociologists must do more than just observe, but
should also act in ways that benefit society
Was active in the women's rights and emancipation movements
Wrote Society in America after extensive travels in the 1830s
Early Theorists
Herbert Spencer (18201903)
Primarily interested in the root cause of social change, specifically evolution in
the physical, intellectual, and social domains.
Was a polymath
Philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and political theorist
Coined the term survival of the fittest
Believed privileged members of society earned their status and
thus a higher quality of life
Government should not interfere with improving life chances
of individuals against the natural order
The Big Three
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
German born to the middle class
Macro-theorist who focused on the structure of capitalist society
Defined capitalism as an economic system based on the
bourgeoisie (the owners of the means of production)
exploiting the proletariat (the workers).
Wrote in conjunction with Fredric Engles
The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
The Big Three
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Concepts from Marx
Capitalism as a system based on exploitation
Workers also experience alienation on the job
False consciousness an erroneous set of beliefs
Class consciousness a set of beliefs about an individuals
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Sociology
- 1. Sociology Scientific study of society Empirical investigation & critical analysis Focuses: social class, culture, law, health, and devianceetc. By: Allen Wang, Fendi Shih, Kevin Lo
- 2. Objectives / Goals Understand human social activities Determine laws governing human behaviors Human behaviors vs. Social processes
- 3. History & Main Contributors Main contributors: 1. Plato early social analysis 2. Auguste Comte defined sociology 3. Karl Marx Marxism 4. Emile Durkheim formal academic sociology History: 1780: coined by the French Auguste Comte 1875: 1st sociology course in Yale 1895: 1st sociology department 1897: the book Suicide structural functionalism
- 4. Methods of Inquiry 1. Quantitative: Popular Designs: Ex: Experiments 1. Cross-sectional: 2. Qualitative: participants of different Ex: Survey, Observation ages 2. Longitudinal: same individuals repeatedly 3. Cross-sequential: tests cross-sectional sample more than once
- 5. Major Problems Humans & society: Subjectivity Inconsistency Individual differences In qualitative researches: Distortion Generalization difficulties
- 6. Outsiders (1963) Chicago Dance Musicians Howard Saul Becker (1963) Labeling Theory Aim: examine the formation of deviant cultures to support his Labeling Theory
- 7. Design Participant observation Participants: Chicago dance musicians (30~40 yrs old) Variables: N/A Materials: N/A Procedures: (direct overt observation) Day: family life Night: musician
- 8. Findings Dance musicians consider themselves as "outsiders Conform to the subculture Isolated themselves as a deviant culture
- 9. Significance Contributes to the labeling theory Recognized as a prevailing social approach Todays study of deviance One of the first Bbooks supporting the labeling theory
- 10. Critical Evaluation/Critique Participant observation: Researcher bias Subjectivity Unethical: Labeled as a deviant subculture Culturally biased Difficulty in generalization Labeling Theory: Untestable (Ridlon 1988)
Editor's Notes
- #2: -the scientific study of society -a social science that uses methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis - Focuses include: social class, culture, religion, law, deviance, health, and even the Internet.
- #3: -to develop a descriptive understanding about the human social activities-to determine the laws governing human behaviour in social contexts -examines how human behaviour can be influenced by social processes
- #4: Plato:Earliest social analyistAuguste Comte : defined the diciplineKarl Marx : MarxismEmile Durkheim : Formal academic sociology
- #7: Outsiders: explain what this is (say its Beckers book notable for the idea of his labeling theory.)Labeling Theory: the idea that a social deviant is not an inherently deviant individual, rather they become deviant because they are labeled as such.Deviance:the fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, esp. in social or sexual behavior.