Sodium group
Download as pptx, pdf2 likes891 views
The document discusses the Downs Process for extracting sodium through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, where sodium ions are reduced to sodium atoms at the cathode and chlorine gas is produced at the anode. It also describes how sodium hydroxide is produced through the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions, and lists some common uses of sodium and sodium hydroxide such as in soap production, as a drain cleaner, and for lighting.
1 of 7
Downloaded 14 times
Ad
Recommended
Synthesis of Sodium metal
Synthesis of Sodium metalabdullahahmed223
油
1. The Down's cell is an electrolytic cell that operates at 800属C to produce sodium metal through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
2. It consists of a graphite anode and iron cathode separated by an iron screen inside a lined steel chamber. Molten sodium chloride mixed with calcium chloride and barium chloride is used as the electrolyte.
3. During electrolysis, chloride ions are oxidized at the anode to produce chlorine gas while sodium ions are reduced at the cathode to produce molten sodium metal. Some calcium is also produced but separates from the sodium due to differences in density.Sodium
SodiumGandaki Boarding School,Lamachaur-16 Pokhara, Nepal
油
- Alkali metals have low ionization energies and readily lose their outer electron to form cations with a +1 oxidation state. They are soft, reactive metals that form ionic compounds.
- Sodium is the second alkali metal and is found abundantly in nature as the mineral sodium chloride. It is extracted commercially via the Downs process, which involves electrolysis of molten sodium chloride at lower temperatures using calcium chloride. This allows pure sodium to be produced at the cathode and chlorine gas to be collected at the anode.Metallurgy
Metallurgyvidhanvaish
油
Metallurgy involves extracting metals from their ores in their pure state. Most reactive metals are found combined as sulfates, carbonates, or oxides, while less reactive metals occur naturally in their free metallic state. The process of metallurgy includes mining ores, concentrating the ores to remove impurities, oxidizing and reducing the ores, and refining the reduced metals. Electrolytic refining is used to remove soluble and insoluble impurities from reduced metals to produce pure metals.Electrolysis of brine
Electrolysis of brineLaura Ortega
油
The document provides detailed information on various chemicals derived from salt, including their compositions and applications. It explains the extraction processes of rock salt and brine, as well as the electrolysis procedure that produces sodium hydroxide, hydrogen, and chlorine. Additionally, it outlines the use of these products in food preservation, chemical manufacturing, and other industries.Std XI-Chapter-5-Redox-Reactions-Applications
Std XI-Chapter-5-Redox-Reactions-ApplicationsGurudatta Wagh
油
The document discusses applications of redox reactions, including combustion of methane, bleaching with oxidizing agents, electron transfer in batteries, and metallurgy processes for zinc extraction. It also highlights the oxidation and reduction of various elements during these reactions. Additionally, it mentions the significance of respiration, where glucose oxidizes to release energy.Metals and Non-metals
Metals and Non-metalsGurudatta Wagh
油
This document provides an overview of metals and non-metals. It discusses their physical and chemical properties, including how metals react with oxygen, water, acids, and other substances. Metals are solid, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. They form basic oxides and react vigorously with acids. Non-metals do not have these properties and are usually gases or solids. The document also covers extraction methods for metals and corrosion prevention.Electrolysis
Electrolysis arahmohamed
油
This document discusses electrolysis and electrochemical cells. It explains that during electrolysis, ions lower in the electrochemical series are more easily discharged. It also discusses how the concentration of ions and the nature of electrodes used can affect what products are formed. Specifically, it provides examples of electrolysis of copper sulfate solution and sodium chloride solution, and discusses how inert vs reactive electrodes and concentrated vs dilute solutions impact the results. It also summarizes how electrolysis can be used for electroplating, purifying copper, and in simple electrochemical cells like the Daniell cell.Alkali metal
Alkali metalDamodar Koirala
油
This document provides information about alkali metals and describes the extraction and uses of sodium and sodium compounds. It discusses the periodic table classification of alkali metals. Key points include:
- Alkali metals are soft, silvery-white reactive metals found in Group 1 of the periodic table.
- Sodium is extracted commercially via the Downs process, which involves electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
- Sodium reacts violently with water and is used to produce sodium hydroxide and other sodium compounds.
- Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are manufactured via electrolysis or other chemical processes and have various industrial and household applications.Extraction of metals
Extraction of metalsNazmus Shakib
油
Metals can be extracted from their ore through various processes depending on the reactivity of the metal. Less reactive metals can be manually separated from crushed ore, while more reactive metals require more energy-intensive processes like electrolysis or extraction in a blast furnace. In a blast furnace, ore, limestone flux and coke fuel are continuously fed into the top while hot air is blown into the bottom, allowing extraction of the metal in molten form from the bottom. Roasting is also used as a preliminary step, where sulfide ores are heated in air to transform the metal into an oxide and release sulfur dioxide gas. These processes can release toxic fumes and pollutants if not properly controlled.Allyl derivatives, sandwich compounds and half sandwich compounds
Allyl derivatives, sandwich compounds and half sandwich compoundsVijayalakshmiNair1
油
This document discusses the preparation and properties of various nickel allyl derivatives, sandwich compounds of iron and chromium, and half-sandwich compounds of chromium and molybdenum. It describes the synthesis, physical and chemical properties of compounds like diallyl nickel and ferrocene, along with their reactions and stability. The document also touches on cyclic polyhapto ligands and their significance in coordination chemistry.Alkali metals Grade 11 Chemistry
Alkali metals Grade 11 ChemistryLearn Infinite
油
The document discusses the properties and extraction of sodium and its compounds. It describes that sodium is extracted through electrolysis of molten sodium chloride using the Downs process. Sodium reacts violently with water and acids, forming sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are important industrial compounds used to make paper, soap and glass.Metalsnon metals-150807145346-lva1-app6891
Metalsnon metals-150807145346-lva1-app6891Tabassum Sabir
油
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals are found either in their free state or combined as compounds in minerals and ores. It then discusses the various types of ores containing different metals such as oxides, sulfides, halides, etc. It also provides examples of common ores for metals like aluminum, zinc, iron, copper, sodium, potassium, lead, tin, and silver. Finally, it notes that the extraction process involves grouping metals based on their reactivity in the reactivity series, with less reactive metals sometimes found in their free state and more reactive metals requiring extraction from ionic compounds in their ores.GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALSSaish Solanki
油
The document discusses properties of compounds formed by alkali metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. It notes that on combustion in air, lithium forms the oxide Li2O, sodium forms the peroxide Na2O2, and the larger metals form superoxides. The increasing stability of peroxides and superoxides is due to larger cations stabilizing larger anions through lattice energy effects. The oxides, peroxides, and superoxides react with water to form hydroxides. Alkali metal halides are also discussed, with their melting points following the trend of fluorine > chlorine > bromide > iodide. Oxo acids and alkMetals and their Reactivity
Metals and their ReactivityContentAdministrator1
油
This document discusses the properties and reactivity of metals. It begins by describing the physical properties of metals, such as their hardness, malleability and conductivity. It then discusses the chemical properties of metals, including how they form positive ions and react with oxygen, water and acids. The document introduces metal alloys and explains why they are stronger than pure metals. It also defines the reactivity series and uses it to predict and describe the reactions of different metals. The document discusses the reactions of various metal compounds and how the position of metals in the reactivity series affects their reactivity and the stability of their compounds.Reaction of metal with oxygen
Reaction of metal with oxygenchiragjainsmart13
油
This document discusses a science presentation about the properties and reactions of metals and non-metals. It lists the group members giving the presentation and describes several properties of metals like malleability and conductivity. It then discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, acids, salt solutions, chlorine, hydrogen and how alloys are formed and used. For non-metals, it summarizes their reactions with oxygen, water, acids, salt solutions, chlorine, hydrogen and describes ionic compounds.Extraction of metals
Extraction of metalsArrehome
油
Most metals occur naturally in ores, which are rocks containing useful metals that can be extracted. The extraction of metals involves multiple stages including separating the metal from the ore and purifying it. Aluminum extraction involves electrolysis to separate the aluminum ions from oxygen in the ore bauxite. Metals are finite resources so recycling is important as it allows continued use of metals and extends the life of ore deposits.Metal extraction
Metal extractionguest3e34c9
油
Metal ores contain metals combined with other elements like oxygen or sulfur. Sulfide ores are converted to oxides through roasting, which produces sulfur dioxide as a waste product. Metals are extracted from their ores through reduction, using reducing agents like carbon or hydrogen to remove oxygen. Aluminum requires electrolysis due to its reactivity, while titanium and tungsten use sodium or magnesium due to carbide formation. Recycling scrap metals reduces environmental impacts versus extracting new metals.Electrolytic processes - C3.3 Heba Saey
Electrolytic processes - C3.3 Heba SaeyHebaalrifai
油
This document provides information about electrolytic processes and electrolysis. It discusses key points about electrolysis, including that ions must be free to move towards electrodes. It then summarizes different types of electrolysis including molten salts like NaCl, aqueous solutions like NaCl, and using copper electrodes. Electroplating is also discussed as coating a metal with another using electricity, with examples like silver plating brass.Redox reactions at electrodes
Redox reactions at electrodesMarissa Young-Afoon
油
During electrolysis, redox reactions occur where ions are reduced or oxidized at the electrodes. At the cathode, ions gain electrons through reduction reactions and at the anode, ions lose electrons through oxidation reactions. The overall reactions in electrolysis depend on the electrolyte, with common products including hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine and metals.METALS AND NON-METALS (CLASS-8,9)
METALS AND NON-METALS (CLASS-8,9)Krishnatayal2
油
The document outlines the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, emphasizing reactions with oxygen, water, and acids, along with the reactivity series of metals. It details how metals are extracted from their ores through processes such as roasting, calcination, and electrolytic reduction. Additionally, it discusses the prevention of corrosion and the formation and properties of alloys.C19 metals and their reactivity
C19 metals and their reactivityChemrcwss
油
This chapter discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals. Metals are usually hard, shiny, malleable and ductile. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. Chemically, metals form positive ions and react with acids, oxygen, water and steam to form salts and release hydrogen gas. The reactivity of metals can be predicted based on their reactivity series, with more reactive metals displacing less reactive ones from their compounds. Alloys are stronger than pure metals due to disrupted atomic layers.C22 non metals
C22 non metalsChemrcwss
油
This chapter discusses the properties and reactions of non-metals. It describes the differences between metals and non-metals, and provides details on the structure and properties of common non-metals like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine and sulfur. It also explains methods for producing important compounds from non-metals like sulfuric acid, chlorine and ammonia.PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS
PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALSM k
油
The document provides a detailed overview of metals and non-metals, including their definitions, physical and chemical properties, and uses. It discusses the characteristics of metals such as strength, conductivity, and malleability, as well as the contrasting properties of non-metals, which are generally dull, brittle, and poor conductors. Additionally, it highlights the practical applications of various metals and non-metals in everyday life.Class 10 metals and non metals notes
Class 10 metals and non metals notesshubhamranjanishere
油
The document outlines the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, including their reactivity with oxygen, water, and various acids. It discusses the extraction methods for metals from their ores, highlighting processes like electrolysis, calcination, and roasting, along with the role of reactivity series. Additionally, it details the uses of metals and non-metals, and the formation of ionic and covalent compounds during their reactions.Metals and non metals
Metals and non metalsabhinandanram
油
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, acids and metal salt solutions. Metals are listed in a reactivity series from most reactive to least reactive. The document outlines how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction, refining and corrosion of metals is summarized along with methods for preventing corrosion.C22 non metals
C22 non metalsdean dundas
油
The document describes non-metals and their properties. It discusses the physical and chemical properties of non-metals, and describes the industrial preparation of chlorine, sulfuric acid, and ammonia. It also lists common uses of non-metals like carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, and nitrogen and their compounds.Alkali metals
Alkali metalsHuda Rayeen
油
Alkali metals have a single outer electron, making them highly reactive and electropositive. They are never found naturally in their elemental forms, instead occurring as oxides, halides, borates, silicates, and nitrates. Alkali metals increase in size down the group and have low ionization energies, with lithium being the smallest and most reactive and cesium being the largest and least reactive. They react vigorously with air, water, halogens, and dihydrogen to form ionic compounds. Common uses include softening hard water, manufacturing glass, detergents, and as reducing agents.presentation1-190429202206.pdf
presentation1-190429202206.pdfJam Saeed Ahmed
油
1. The Down's cell is an electrolytic cell that operates at 800属C to produce sodium metal through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
2. It consists of a graphite anode and iron cathode separated by an iron screen inside a lined steel chamber. Molten sodium chloride mixed with calcium chloride and barium chloride is used as the electrolyte.
3. During electrolysis, chloride ions are oxidized at the anode to produce chlorine gas while sodium ions are reduced at the cathode to produce molten sodium metal. Some calcium is also produced but separates from the sodium due to differences in density.Manufacture of Sodium Hydroxide
Manufacture of Sodium Hydroxidealanjoye
油
The major method for producing sodium hydroxide is through the electrolysis of brine, which produces chloride gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. There are three main processes for this: the mercury cell process, the diaphragm cell process, and the membrane cell process. The membrane cell process is now most commonly used as it has the lowest energy requirement and produces very pure sodium hydroxide with no hazardous waste.Chem`is try`
Chem`is try`Siti Nur Umami
油
The document summarizes the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. Brine is a concentrated saltwater solution of sodium chloride. During electrolysis of brine, passing an electrical current through the solution decomposes it into chlorine gas and hydrogen gas, along with sodium and hydroxide ions that combine to form sodium hydroxide. This large-scale industrial process produces important chemicals for use in water treatment, manufacturing, and other applications.More Related Content
What's hot (19)
Extraction of metals
Extraction of metalsNazmus Shakib
油
Metals can be extracted from their ore through various processes depending on the reactivity of the metal. Less reactive metals can be manually separated from crushed ore, while more reactive metals require more energy-intensive processes like electrolysis or extraction in a blast furnace. In a blast furnace, ore, limestone flux and coke fuel are continuously fed into the top while hot air is blown into the bottom, allowing extraction of the metal in molten form from the bottom. Roasting is also used as a preliminary step, where sulfide ores are heated in air to transform the metal into an oxide and release sulfur dioxide gas. These processes can release toxic fumes and pollutants if not properly controlled.Allyl derivatives, sandwich compounds and half sandwich compounds
Allyl derivatives, sandwich compounds and half sandwich compoundsVijayalakshmiNair1
油
This document discusses the preparation and properties of various nickel allyl derivatives, sandwich compounds of iron and chromium, and half-sandwich compounds of chromium and molybdenum. It describes the synthesis, physical and chemical properties of compounds like diallyl nickel and ferrocene, along with their reactions and stability. The document also touches on cyclic polyhapto ligands and their significance in coordination chemistry.Alkali metals Grade 11 Chemistry
Alkali metals Grade 11 ChemistryLearn Infinite
油
The document discusses the properties and extraction of sodium and its compounds. It describes that sodium is extracted through electrolysis of molten sodium chloride using the Downs process. Sodium reacts violently with water and acids, forming sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are important industrial compounds used to make paper, soap and glass.Metalsnon metals-150807145346-lva1-app6891
Metalsnon metals-150807145346-lva1-app6891Tabassum Sabir
油
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals are found either in their free state or combined as compounds in minerals and ores. It then discusses the various types of ores containing different metals such as oxides, sulfides, halides, etc. It also provides examples of common ores for metals like aluminum, zinc, iron, copper, sodium, potassium, lead, tin, and silver. Finally, it notes that the extraction process involves grouping metals based on their reactivity in the reactivity series, with less reactive metals sometimes found in their free state and more reactive metals requiring extraction from ionic compounds in their ores.GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALSSaish Solanki
油
The document discusses properties of compounds formed by alkali metals lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. It notes that on combustion in air, lithium forms the oxide Li2O, sodium forms the peroxide Na2O2, and the larger metals form superoxides. The increasing stability of peroxides and superoxides is due to larger cations stabilizing larger anions through lattice energy effects. The oxides, peroxides, and superoxides react with water to form hydroxides. Alkali metal halides are also discussed, with their melting points following the trend of fluorine > chlorine > bromide > iodide. Oxo acids and alkMetals and their Reactivity
Metals and their ReactivityContentAdministrator1
油
This document discusses the properties and reactivity of metals. It begins by describing the physical properties of metals, such as their hardness, malleability and conductivity. It then discusses the chemical properties of metals, including how they form positive ions and react with oxygen, water and acids. The document introduces metal alloys and explains why they are stronger than pure metals. It also defines the reactivity series and uses it to predict and describe the reactions of different metals. The document discusses the reactions of various metal compounds and how the position of metals in the reactivity series affects their reactivity and the stability of their compounds.Reaction of metal with oxygen
Reaction of metal with oxygenchiragjainsmart13
油
This document discusses a science presentation about the properties and reactions of metals and non-metals. It lists the group members giving the presentation and describes several properties of metals like malleability and conductivity. It then discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, acids, salt solutions, chlorine, hydrogen and how alloys are formed and used. For non-metals, it summarizes their reactions with oxygen, water, acids, salt solutions, chlorine, hydrogen and describes ionic compounds.Extraction of metals
Extraction of metalsArrehome
油
Most metals occur naturally in ores, which are rocks containing useful metals that can be extracted. The extraction of metals involves multiple stages including separating the metal from the ore and purifying it. Aluminum extraction involves electrolysis to separate the aluminum ions from oxygen in the ore bauxite. Metals are finite resources so recycling is important as it allows continued use of metals and extends the life of ore deposits.Metal extraction
Metal extractionguest3e34c9
油
Metal ores contain metals combined with other elements like oxygen or sulfur. Sulfide ores are converted to oxides through roasting, which produces sulfur dioxide as a waste product. Metals are extracted from their ores through reduction, using reducing agents like carbon or hydrogen to remove oxygen. Aluminum requires electrolysis due to its reactivity, while titanium and tungsten use sodium or magnesium due to carbide formation. Recycling scrap metals reduces environmental impacts versus extracting new metals.Electrolytic processes - C3.3 Heba Saey
Electrolytic processes - C3.3 Heba SaeyHebaalrifai
油
This document provides information about electrolytic processes and electrolysis. It discusses key points about electrolysis, including that ions must be free to move towards electrodes. It then summarizes different types of electrolysis including molten salts like NaCl, aqueous solutions like NaCl, and using copper electrodes. Electroplating is also discussed as coating a metal with another using electricity, with examples like silver plating brass.Redox reactions at electrodes
Redox reactions at electrodesMarissa Young-Afoon
油
During electrolysis, redox reactions occur where ions are reduced or oxidized at the electrodes. At the cathode, ions gain electrons through reduction reactions and at the anode, ions lose electrons through oxidation reactions. The overall reactions in electrolysis depend on the electrolyte, with common products including hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine and metals.METALS AND NON-METALS (CLASS-8,9)
METALS AND NON-METALS (CLASS-8,9)Krishnatayal2
油
The document outlines the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, emphasizing reactions with oxygen, water, and acids, along with the reactivity series of metals. It details how metals are extracted from their ores through processes such as roasting, calcination, and electrolytic reduction. Additionally, it discusses the prevention of corrosion and the formation and properties of alloys.C19 metals and their reactivity
C19 metals and their reactivityChemrcwss
油
This chapter discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals. Metals are usually hard, shiny, malleable and ductile. They are good conductors of heat and electricity. Chemically, metals form positive ions and react with acids, oxygen, water and steam to form salts and release hydrogen gas. The reactivity of metals can be predicted based on their reactivity series, with more reactive metals displacing less reactive ones from their compounds. Alloys are stronger than pure metals due to disrupted atomic layers.C22 non metals
C22 non metalsChemrcwss
油
This chapter discusses the properties and reactions of non-metals. It describes the differences between metals and non-metals, and provides details on the structure and properties of common non-metals like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, chlorine and sulfur. It also explains methods for producing important compounds from non-metals like sulfuric acid, chlorine and ammonia.PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALS
PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON METALSM k
油
The document provides a detailed overview of metals and non-metals, including their definitions, physical and chemical properties, and uses. It discusses the characteristics of metals such as strength, conductivity, and malleability, as well as the contrasting properties of non-metals, which are generally dull, brittle, and poor conductors. Additionally, it highlights the practical applications of various metals and non-metals in everyday life.Class 10 metals and non metals notes
Class 10 metals and non metals notesshubhamranjanishere
油
The document outlines the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, including their reactivity with oxygen, water, and various acids. It discusses the extraction methods for metals from their ores, highlighting processes like electrolysis, calcination, and roasting, along with the role of reactivity series. Additionally, it details the uses of metals and non-metals, and the formation of ionic and covalent compounds during their reactions.Metals and non metals
Metals and non metalsabhinandanram
油
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, acids and metal salt solutions. Metals are listed in a reactivity series from most reactive to least reactive. The document outlines how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction, refining and corrosion of metals is summarized along with methods for preventing corrosion.C22 non metals
C22 non metalsdean dundas
油
The document describes non-metals and their properties. It discusses the physical and chemical properties of non-metals, and describes the industrial preparation of chlorine, sulfuric acid, and ammonia. It also lists common uses of non-metals like carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, and nitrogen and their compounds.Alkali metals
Alkali metalsHuda Rayeen
油
Alkali metals have a single outer electron, making them highly reactive and electropositive. They are never found naturally in their elemental forms, instead occurring as oxides, halides, borates, silicates, and nitrates. Alkali metals increase in size down the group and have low ionization energies, with lithium being the smallest and most reactive and cesium being the largest and least reactive. They react vigorously with air, water, halogens, and dihydrogen to form ionic compounds. Common uses include softening hard water, manufacturing glass, detergents, and as reducing agents.Similar to Sodium group (20)
presentation1-190429202206.pdf
presentation1-190429202206.pdfJam Saeed Ahmed
油
1. The Down's cell is an electrolytic cell that operates at 800属C to produce sodium metal through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
2. It consists of a graphite anode and iron cathode separated by an iron screen inside a lined steel chamber. Molten sodium chloride mixed with calcium chloride and barium chloride is used as the electrolyte.
3. During electrolysis, chloride ions are oxidized at the anode to produce chlorine gas while sodium ions are reduced at the cathode to produce molten sodium metal. Some calcium is also produced but separates from the sodium due to differences in density.Manufacture of Sodium Hydroxide
Manufacture of Sodium Hydroxidealanjoye
油
The major method for producing sodium hydroxide is through the electrolysis of brine, which produces chloride gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. There are three main processes for this: the mercury cell process, the diaphragm cell process, and the membrane cell process. The membrane cell process is now most commonly used as it has the lowest energy requirement and produces very pure sodium hydroxide with no hazardous waste.Chem`is try`
Chem`is try`Siti Nur Umami
油
The document summarizes the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. Brine is a concentrated saltwater solution of sodium chloride. During electrolysis of brine, passing an electrical current through the solution decomposes it into chlorine gas and hydrogen gas, along with sodium and hydroxide ions that combine to form sodium hydroxide. This large-scale industrial process produces important chemicals for use in water treatment, manufacturing, and other applications.Chem`is try`
Chem`is try`Siti Nur Umami
油
The document summarizes the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. Brine is a concentrated saltwater solution of sodium chloride. During electrolysis of brine, an electrical current is passed through the solution, decomposing it into chlorine gas and hydrogen gas. Sodium and hydroxide ions also form, combining to produce sodium hydroxide. This large-scale electrolytic process is important industrially for producing chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen.Chem`is try`
Chem`is try`Siti Nur Umami
油
The document summarizes the electrolysis of brine to produce chlorine, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. Brine is a concentrated saltwater solution of sodium chloride. During electrolysis of brine, an electrical current is passed through the solution, decomposing it into chlorine gas and hydrogen gas. Sodium and hydroxide ions also form, combining to produce sodium hydroxide. This large-scale electrolytic process is important industrially for producing chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen.Manufacture of sodium hydroxide
Manufacture of sodium hydroxideyenwen
油
The major method for producing sodium hydroxide is through the electrolysis of brine, which produces chloride gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide. There are three main processes for this electrolysis: the mercury cell process, the diaphragm cell process, and the membrane cell process. The membrane cell process is now the most commonly used method due to its low energy requirement and production of pure sodium hydroxide without hazardous waste.S-Block Elements.pptx
S-Block Elements.pptxSidra Javed
油
The document discusses the occurrence and extraction methods of s-block elements, particularly alkali and alkaline earth metals, focusing on sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and barium. It details extraction processes, such as the Down's cell for sodium and electrolysis for magnesium and calcium, along with the industrial applications of these metals and their compounds like sodium chloride and sodium carbonate. Additionally, it covers the Castner-Kellner process for sodium hydroxide production, its advantages and disadvantages, and the properties and uses of various s-block metal compounds.Electrolysis revision
Electrolysis revisionsue forshaw
油
This document provides information about electrolysis. It discusses:
1. How electrolysis can be used to split up ionic compounds by melting them or dissolving them in water. Positive ions move to the negative cathode and negative ions move to the positive anode.
2. The rules for what products are formed at the electrodes during electrolysis of molten ionic compounds and ionic solutions. Hydrogen, metals, halogens, oxygen may be produced depending on the ions present.
3. Industrial applications of electrolysis including producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide from salt water, and purifying copper.Sodium magnesium and aluminum
Sodium magnesium and aluminumBrhane Amha Tesfahunegn
油
Sodium is a highly reactive alkali metal with an atomic number of 11, primarily found in the Earth's crust and oceans but never in its pure form due to high reactivity. It is commercially produced via the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride in a Downs cell, and its compounds are widely used in various applications, including as a heat transfer fluid in nuclear reactors and in cooking. Sodium plays crucial biological roles in regulating blood pressure and volume, but it poses safety hazards due to its reactivity with water.Industrial chemistry
Industrial chemistrylcyh000
油
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye or caustic soda, is a highly caustic metallic base. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless, highly soluble in water, and very corrosive. The three main industrial processes for manufacturing sodium hydroxide are the mercury cell process, Nelson diaphragm cell process, and membrane cell process, all of which involve the electrolysis of brine solutions. Sodium hydroxide has a wide variety of industrial uses including in soap making, as a cleaning agent, in aluminum production, and in the paper pulp industry. It can cause severe burns upon contact with skin or tissues due to its highly exothermic and caustic reactions.Industrial bases
Industrial basesPatricio Bicaldo
油
Ammonia is produced commercially via the Haber process where nitrogen and hydrogen react over an iron catalyst at high temperatures and pressures to form ammonia. Ammonia has many industrial uses including in fertilizer production, as a cleaning agent, and in the manufacture of plastics, fibers and explosives. Sodium hydroxide is produced via electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution. It is used to make soap, as a cleaning agent, in aluminum production from bauxite ore, and in the pulp and paper industry for pulping, bleaching and pH control. Both are important industrial chemicals with wide-ranging applications.Manufacturing of Sodium Hydroxide
Manufacturing of Sodium Hydroxide Afrah Al-da'ajah
油
The document provides an overview of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), including its chemical properties, production methods via electrolysis of brine, and various applications such as household cleaners and industrial processes. It describes three electrolytic cells used for its production: the Castner-Kellner cell, Nelson diaphragm cell, and membrane cell, detailing their operations and advantages. Additionally, the document highlights the toxicity of chlorine gas and the environmental impact of certain production methods.23sec3
23sec3St. Mary's HS
油
An electrolytic cell uses electrical energy to drive non-spontaneous redox reactions by pushing electrons from the anode to the cathode. In electrolytic cells, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode, unlike voltaic cells where the reactions are spontaneous. A common example is the electrolysis of water, where applying a current splits water into hydrogen gas at the cathode and oxygen gas at the anode. Electrolysis can also be used to produce chlorine from molten sodium chloride or to electroplate metals onto objects by reducing metal ions at the cathode.Manufacturing of chlorine using diaphragm cell, membrane cell
Manufacturing of chlorine using diaphragm cell, membrane cellrita martin
油
Chlorine is produced through the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using diaphragm and membrane cells, which separate the products to prevent hazardous reactions. The major reactions involve the generation of chlorine gas at the anode and hydrogen gas at the cathode, along with the formation of sodium hydroxide. The diaphragm allows certain ions to pass while keeping the products separate, and purification of chlorine is achieved by liquefying it under pressure to remove oxygen.C6d Chemistry Of Sodium Chloride
C6d Chemistry Of Sodium ChlorideM F Ebden
油
Sodium chloride is used to make chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen through industrial processes. It is an important raw material extracted from underground salt deposits through solution mining. Electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution produces chlorine gas at the anode, hydrogen gas at the cathode, and sodium hydroxide in the solution.ELECTROLYSIS PPT.FDGFYD UDRSECVXF KYS GDTSUTS
ELECTROLYSIS PPT.FDGFYD UDRSECVXF KYS GDTSUTSMalikKalim2
油
The document explains the process of electrolysis, detailing how ionic compounds can conduct electricity when dissolved in a solution due to the movement of charged ions. It outlines the roles of anodes and cathodes, and the chemical reactions that occur at each electrode during electrolysis, including oxidation and reduction processes. Additionally, it provides examples of various ionic compounds and the products formed at the electrodes during the electrolysis process.Cuastic soda and Chlorine Industries
Cuastic soda and Chlorine IndustriesSAFFI Ud Din Ahmad
油
The document outlines the industrial uses of caustic soda and chlorine, highlighting their applications in various sectors including chemicals, water treatment, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. It describes the production processes for these chemicals, focusing on different electrolytic methods such as diaphragm, mercury, and membrane cells, while discussing their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of brine purification and environmental considerations in the production of sodium hydroxide and chlorine.Industrial chemistry
Industrial chemistry Ali Safaa97
油
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base used in many industrial processes. It is manufactured through electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution. The major processes are the mercury cell process, Nelson diaphragm cell process, and membrane cell process. NaOH is used to make soap through saponification, for cleaning, in aluminum production, and to make cryolite. It has health risks as a strong base that can cause burns and damage tissues. Environmental impacts include raising the pH of water.Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxideDawood University of Engineering and Technology
油
Sodium hydroxide was discovered in 1807 by Humphrey Day in England. It is a white solid compound consisting of sodium and hydroxide ions. It is produced industrially through electrolysis of brine using the Castner-Kellner or Nelson cell processes. Sodium hydroxide is very basic and has many industrial uses such as in soap production, rayon manufacturing, and petroleum products. It has important chemical properties like reacting with acids to form salts and water. Major sodium hydroxide producers in Pakistan include Sitara Chemicals, Tufail Chemicals, and ICI Pakistan.Module 2 Revision
Module 2 Revisionscuffruff
油
The document summarizes several industrial chemical processes:
1) The Haber process produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at 300 atmospheres of pressure, 450属C, using an iron and potassium hydroxide catalyst.
2) Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in the Ostwald process at 10 atmospheres, 900属C, using a platinum-rhodium catalyst.
3) Sulfuric acid is made via the Contact process, reacting sulfur dioxide with oxygen at 430属C and 2 atmospheres using a vanadium pentoxide catalyst.
4) Aluminum is extracted through electrolysis of aluminum oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.Ad
More from giovanniveitch (20)
The carbon cycle finalized
The carbon cycle finalizedgiovanniveitch
油
The carbon cycle plays an important role in regulating carbon levels on Earth. As humans cut down more trees and burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming. The carbon cycle involves carbon moving from the atmosphere to plants through photosynthesis, then to animals that eat plants, and eventually back to the atmosphere through respiration and decomposition. Maintaining the balance of the carbon cycle is critical for sustaining the food chain and regulating carbon levels in oceans, forests, and the atmosphere.Soaps and detergents
Soaps and detergentsgiovanniveitch
油
Soaps are made through saponification, the process of reacting fats or oils with alkalis. They are cheap and biodegradable but do not work well in hard water which causes insoluble scum. Detergents are made through chemical processes using petroleum products or natural esters reacted with alkalis. They contain surfactants, phosphates, and other additives. Detergents are more effective than soaps for hard water, but many varieties are non-biodegradable and can cause environmental harm. Both products have advantages like low costs but also disadvantages like limited cleaning power or environmental impacts.Nitrogen fertilizer1
Nitrogen fertilizer1giovanniveitch
油
This document discusses different types of nitrogen fertilizers including organic and inorganic varieties. Organic nitrogen is slow-acting but supplies nitrogen for longer. Inorganic nitrogen exists as ammonium or nitrate, with ammonium bonding tightly to soil and nitrate being quickly absorbed but also leached. The document outlines nitrate, ammonium, and combined nitrate/ammonium inorganic fertilizers and amide organic fertilizers. It also discusses slow-release fertilizers and the nitrogen cycle. Benefits of fertilizers include maintaining soil nitrogen levels for strong plant growth, though overuse can harm plants or contaminate water supplies.Chem ppt
Chem pptgiovanniveitch
油
Chlorine is produced industrially through the electrolysis of sodium chloride brine. There are two main methods: mercury cell electrolysis and membrane cell electrolysis. Mercury cell electrolysis was historically used and involves liquid mercury and sodium amalgamation but consumes large amounts of energy. Membrane cell electrolysis uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate the anode and cathode compartments, producing chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide more efficiently. Chlorine has various industrial and medical uses including water treatment, bleaching, and antiseptic applications.Aluminium ppt
Aluminium pptgiovanniveitch
油
The document describes the process for extracting aluminum from bauxite ore. It involves crushing and grinding the bauxite, mixing it with a caustic soda solution in digesters, cooling the slurry, settling out the impurities, precipitating out the aluminum hydroxide, and calcining it to remove water. The aluminum hydroxide is then smelted using the Hall-Heroult process, which involves dissolving alumina in a molten cryolite bath using an electric current passing between carbon anodes and cathodes to produce molten aluminum.Sulphuric acid
Sulphuric acidgiovanniveitch
油
Sulphuric acid is a colorless, viscous liquid that is highly corrosive. It is produced via the contact process, which involves burning sulfur and reacting the sulfur dioxide with a vanadium catalyst at high temperature to produce sulfur trioxide, which is then dissolved in sulfuric acid. Sulphuric acid is non-flammable but releases toxic fumes when heated and its corrosiveness can cause irritation upon short-term exposure. It has a variety of industrial uses such as in fertilizer, rubber, and oil production.Chtp415
Chtp415giovanniveitch
油
This document discusses C++ references and reference parameters. It explains that call by value passes a copy of the data to a function, while call by reference allows the function to directly access and modify the original data. A reference is an alias for an argument and is declared using an ampersand. The document provides an example program that demonstrates the difference between call by value and call by reference using references.Chtp414
Chtp414giovanniveitch
油
Chapter 14 discusses advanced C programming topics including input/output redirection, variable-length argument lists, command-line arguments, and handling dynamic memory allocation. It provides specific examples and code snippets demonstrating these concepts, along with explanations of related terms and functions such as exit and atexit. Key objectives include learning to manage file processing, use of temporary files, and processing unexpected events within programs.Chtp413
Chtp413giovanniveitch
油
This document discusses the C++ preprocessor. It describes preprocessor directives like #include, #define, and #ifdef which are used to include files, define macros and symbolic constants, and conditionally compile code. It explains how the preprocessor works before compilation to perform text substitution and control program compilation. Specific directives and operators like #error, #line, and # and ## are also covered.Chtp412
Chtp412giovanniveitch
油
This document summarizes the contents of Chapter 12 from a textbook on data structures. The chapter covers dynamic data structures like linked lists, stacks, and queues that allow for insertions and removals. It discusses self-referential structures using pointers to link nodes together into different data structures. Specific data structures covered include linked lists, which connect nodes via pointer links, stacks which only allow insertions and removals from one end, and queues which allow insertions at the back and removals from the front. The chapter also discusses dynamic memory allocation using functions like malloc and free to dynamically allocate and free memory for linked data structures. Sample code is provided to demonstrate creating and manipulating each of these common linked data structures.Chtp410
Chtp410giovanniveitch
油
This document discusses C structures, unions, bit manipulations, and enumerations. It covers defining and initializing structures, accessing structure members, passing structures to functions, the typedef keyword, and an example program for simulating card shuffling and dealing using structures. Unions are defined as containing one data member at a time to conserve storage. Bitwise operators for manipulating bits are also introduced.Chtp409
Chtp409giovanniveitch
油
This chapter discusses formatted input/output in C using printf and scanf. It covers:
- Streams for input/output
- Formatting output with printf, including printing integers, floats, strings, and other data types
- Using field widths, precisions, and flags to control formatting
- Formatting input with scanf
The key goals are to learn how to use precise output formatting with printf and input formatting with scanf.Chtp408
Chtp408giovanniveitch
油
The document discusses functions for handling characters and strings in C. It describes character handling functions in the ctype.h library for testing and manipulating characters. It also describes string conversion functions in the stdlib.h library for converting between strings and integer/floating point values. Examples are provided to demonstrate using functions like isdigit(), isalpha(), atoi(), atof() and others.Chtp407
Chtp407giovanniveitch
油
The document is a chapter about pointers from a textbook on C programming. It discusses pointer variable definitions and initialization, the pointer operators & and *, calling functions by reference using pointers, and the relationships between pointers, arrays, and strings. The chapter objectives are to learn how to use pointers, pass arguments to functions using call by reference with pointers, understand the relationships among pointers, arrays, and strings, and use pointers to functions and arrays of strings.Chtp406
Chtp406giovanniveitch
油
The document is a chapter about arrays from a programming textbook. It discusses what arrays are, how to declare and initialize arrays, examples of using arrays, passing arrays to functions, sorting arrays, and searching arrays. The chapter contains code examples to demonstrate array concepts like initializing arrays, accessing array elements, and using arrays in programs.Chtp405
Chtp405giovanniveitch
油
This document outlines a chapter about functions in C programming. It discusses how functions allow programs to be modularized by breaking them into smaller pieces called modules. Functions can be user-defined or come from standard libraries. Functions take parameters as input, perform operations, and return output. Functions allow for abstraction, reusability, and avoidance of code repetition. The chapter covers defining functions, function prototypes, parameters, return values, and calling functions. It also provides examples of commonly used math library functions.Chtp404
Chtp404giovanniveitch
油
This document discusses control structures in C programming, including repetition statements. It introduces the for and do-while repetition statements, the switch multiple selection statement, and the break and continue program control statements. The key aspects of the for statement are explained, including its initialization, loop continuation test, and increment components. Examples are provided to illustrate counter-controlled repetition using while and for loops.Chtp403
Chtp403giovanniveitch
油
The document discusses structured program development and control structures in programming. It introduces algorithms, pseudocode, and the basic control structures of sequence, selection (if and if/else statements), and repetition (while loop). It provides examples of using these control structures, including flowcharts, to develop structured programs through stepwise refinement of algorithms.Chtp402
Chtp402giovanniveitch
油
This document provides an overview of introductory C programming concepts including writing simple programs, using input/output statements, understanding fundamental data types and memory concepts, performing arithmetic operations, and making simple decisions using relational operators. It presents several short example programs to demonstrate key C programming elements like defining variables, accepting user input, performing calculations, and conditional output based on equality comparisons. The document is intended to teach basic C syntax, structures, and programming techniques to newcomers of the language.Chtp401
Chtp401giovanniveitch
油
This chapter introduces computers and programming. It discusses the history and components of computers, operating systems, and networking. It also covers the evolution of programming languages from machine languages to high-level languages like C and C++. The chapter concludes with an overview of typical software and hardware trends.Ad
Sodium group
- 1. Group members: Jamoy Mullings, Shanelle Smith, Shawn-de Bernard, Shamoy Pusey
- 2. Principle and Outline of Sodiums Extraction Down's Process is based on the electrolysis of fused NaCl ( sodium chloride). Down's cell consists of a rectangular container of steel. Inside of the tank is lined with firebricks. In the Down's Cell a circular iron cathode surrounds the carbon anode and the products of the electrolysis are separated by a steel mesh or gauze to prevent them coming into contact and reforming sodium chloride.
- 3. At the carbon anode chloride ions are oxidized to form chlorine gas. At the iron cathode sodium ions are reduced to sodium atoms. Formula: Anode: (positive carbon electrode) 2Cl-(l) Cl2(g) + 2e Cathode: (negative iron electrode) Na+(l) + e Na(l)
- 5. Manufacture of Sodium Hydroxide Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solutions (brine) produces chlorine gas, hydrogen gas and aqueous sodium hydroxide. 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) -----> H2(g) + Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) The electrolysis of sodium chloride to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine can be carried out in 3 types of electrolytic cells - mercury, diaphragm and membrane cells
- 6. Uses of sodium hydroxide domestic oven and drain cleaner Manufacture of Soap and detergent products removal of sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide in petroleum refining pulp and paper production
- 7. Uses of Sodium Sodium vapour street lights manufacture of zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), sodium cyanide (NaCN), sodium peroxide (Na2O2), sodium hydride (NaH)