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3. 仂亠从亳舒仆亠 仆舒 亳亠仄亳 亰舒 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠 仆仂于仆亳 仗仂仆亳 于 亳亠仄亳亠 亰舒 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠 仍舒亳亳从舒亳 仗仂亠亟 于亠仄亠仂 弌亳仆仂仆仆亳 亳亠仄亳 亳仆仂仆仆亳 亳亠仄亳 弌仄亠亠仆亳 亳亠仄亳 4. 仆仂于仆亳 仗仂仆亳 舒亟舒舒 亟仆仂仆亳从仂于亳 仆仂亞仂仆亳从仂于亳 亳仂亳亠亳 仆舒 亰舒亟舒亳亠 亠仄亠于舒 亞舒仆亳舒 亳仗亠亳亳亰亳亠舒仆亠 舒舒仍亠仍仆仂 亳亰仗仍仆亠仆亳亠 5. 仂亞舒仄仆亳 亳亠仄亳 亰舒 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠 磻舒 亰舒亟舒舒 磡于舒 亟舒 仗舒亰亳 于亠仄亠于舒舒 亳 亞舒仆亳舒 弍仍舒 仆舒 仗亳仍仂亢亠仆亳亠 亳亳仆亳 亳亠仄亳 于亳仂从亳 亳亰亳从于舒仆亳 亰舒 亳亞仆仂 亳 弍亠亰仂仗舒仆仂 弌亳亠仄亳 于 从仂仄亳亠从亳亠 亳 仍亠舒亠仍仆亳 舒仗舒舒亳 弌亳亠仄亳 亰舒 仗舒于仍亠仆亳亠 亳 亟. 仗亠舒亳仂仆仆亳 亳亠仄亳 亰舒 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠 (弌) 6. 仗亠舒亳仂仆仆亳 亳亠仄亳 亰舒 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠 亠亞亳舒亳 仆舒 于仆仆亳 弍亳亳 亰仄亠于舒仆亠 仆舒 于亠仄亠 舒舒仍亠仍仆仂 亳亰仗仍仆亠仆亳亠 弌亳仆仂仆亳亰舒亳 仂仄仆亳从舒亳 丕仗舒于仍亠仆亳亠 仆舒 亰舒亟舒亳亠 Soft real-time Hard real-time 7. Real-Time Operating Systems 亳亟仂于亠 弌: Hard Real-Time Firm Real-Time Soft Real-Time Non Real-Time 仂仗从亳亠 于于 于亠仄亠于亳亠 亞舒仆亳亳 舒 亟仂仗亳仄亳 亳 仆舒仄舒仍磦舒仆亠仂 仆舒 从舒亠于仂仂 仆舒 亳亠仄舒舒 亠 仗亳亠仄仍亳于仂 亠从亳 仗仂仗从 仆舒 于亠仄亠于舒舒 亞舒仆亳舒 仄仂亢亠 亟舒 亳仄舒 从舒舒仂舒仍仆亳 仗仂仍亠亟于亳 亠从亳 仗仂仗从 仆舒 于亠仄亠于舒舒 亞舒仆亳舒 于仂亟亳 亟仂 仆亠亢亠仍舒仆仂 仆舒仄舒仍磦舒仆亠 仆舒 从舒亠于仂仂 礆舒 亳亰亳从于舒仆亳 亰舒 仗舒亰于舒仆亠 仆舒 于亠仄亠于亳亠 亞舒仆亳亳 8. 亳仄亠仆舒 舒亳亠从舒 仆舒 弌 Communication HAL Task Manager Task 1 Synchronization and communication subsystem Hardware Adaptation Layer (HAL) Task 2 Task n Time Manager Event Manager Tick interrupt External interrupt 9. 弌仂礌亳 仆舒 亰舒亟舒亳亠 Running (亠从仂 亳亰仗仍仆磦舒仆舒) Suspended (弍仍仂从亳舒仆舒) Preempted (仗亠从仆舒舒) Passive (仗舒亳于仆舒) Ready (亞仂仂于舒) 10. Task Execution Patterns 弌亳仆仂仆仆仂 亳亰仗仍仆亠仆亳亠 仂仆亳亢亠仆舒 亠舒从亳于仆仂 亠亟从舒亰亠仄仂 仂-仍仂亢仆舒 亠舒仍亳亰舒亳 仂 舒亳仆仂仆仆亳亠 亳亠仄亳 亳仆仂仆仆仂 亳亰仗仍仆亠仆亳亠 仂于亳亠仆舒 亠舒从亳于仆仂 仂-仆亳从舒 仗亠亟从舒亰亠仄仂 仆舒 亳亠仄舒舒 仂-仍亠仆舒 亠舒仍亳亰舒亳 仂 亳仆仂仆仆亳亠 亳亠仄亳 弌仄亠亠仆仂 亳亰仗仍仆亠仆亳亠 11. 弌亳仆仂仆仆亳 亳亠仄亳 RTT 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠于舒 亰舒亟舒舒 (Real Time Task) TS 亳仗亠亠 仆舒 亰舒亟舒亳亠 (Task Scheduler) 12. 亳仆仂仆仆仂 亳亰仗仍仆亠仆亳亠 ISR 仂亞舒仄舒 亰舒 仂弍舒弍仂从舒 仆舒 仗亠从于舒仆亠 (Interrupt Service Routine) 仂亢亠 亟舒 亳亰于亳从于舒 亳仍亳 亟舒 仆亠 亳亰于亳从于舒 亟亳仗亠亠舒 仆舒 亰舒亟舒亳亠 13. 弌舒亠亞亳亳 亰舒 亟亳仗亠亳亳亰亳舒仆亠 亠 仗亠从于舒亠仄仂 (Non pre-emptive) 亟亳仗亠亳亳亰亳舒仆亠 亠亟仆亢 仍亠亟 从舒仂 亠 舒亳舒仍, 仗仂亠 亠 亳亰仗仍仆磦舒 亟仂从舒亶 亳仍亳 亟仂从舒仂 仆亠 亠 弍仍仂从亳舒 仗仂 仆磻舒从于舒 仗亳亳仆舒 (仆舒仗亳仄亠 亳亰舒从于舒仆亠 亰舒 从亳. 亠从亳) 亠从于舒亠仄仂 亟亳仗亠亳亳亰亳舒仆亠 (Pre-emptive scheduling) 亰仗仍仆亠仆亳亠仂 仆舒 亟舒亟亠仆 仗仂亠 仄仂亢亠 亟舒 弍亟亠 仗亠从仆舒仂 仂 仗仂-于亳仂从仂仗亳仂亳亠亠仆 仗仂亠 14. 仂亠从亳舒仆亠 仆舒 亳亠仄舒舒 亟仆仂于亠仄亠仆仆仂 亠 仗仂亠从亳舒 亳 舒仗舒舒仆仂仂 ( hardware ) 亳 仗仂亞舒仄仆仂仂 ( software ) 仂亳亞磦舒仆亠 亠亠仆亳舒 亠 于亰亳仄舒 仆舒 弍舒亰舒舒 仆舒 仆亠仆从亳仂仆舒仍仆亳亠 亳亰亳从于舒仆亳 丱舒亟亠 仗亠亟仂舒于 仗仂-于亳仂从舒 仗仂亳亰于仂亟亳亠仍仆仂, 仆仂 仗仂-仄舒仍从亳 于亰仄仂亢仆仂亳 亰舒 仗仂仄礌舒 15. 仂亠 亰舒 仗仂亠从亳舒仆亠 仆舒 亳亠仄亳 亰舒 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠 亟亠仆亳亳从舒亳 仆舒 弍亳亳舒, 从仂亳仂 磡于舒 亟舒 亠 仂弍舒弍仂于舒 亠亳仆亳舒仆亠 仆舒 仆亠仂弍仂亟亳仄亳亠 亠舒从亳亳 仆舒 弍亳亳舒 舒 于磻仂 弍亳亳亠 亳 亠舒从亳 亠 仂仗亠亟亠仍 于亠仄亠于亳亠 仂亞舒仆亳亠仆亳 弍亠亟亳仆磦舒仆亠 仆舒 弍亳亳舒 亳 亠舒从亳亳亠 于 仗舒舒仍亠仍仆仂 亳亰仗仍仆磦舒仆亳 仗仂亠亳 16. 仂亠 亰舒 仗仂亠从亳舒仆亠 仆舒 亳亠仄亳 亰舒 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠 弌舒于 亠 舒仍亞仂亳仄亳 亰舒 仂弍舒弍仂从舒 仆亠 舒亰仍亳仆亳亠 于亳亟仂于亠 弍亳亳 亳 亠舒从亳亳, 从仂亳仂 磡于舒 亟舒 仗仂亠仆舒 亰舒亟舒亟亠仆亳亠 于亠仄亠于亳 仂亞舒仆亳亠仆亳 仂亠从亳舒 亠 亳亠仄舒 亰舒 亟亳仗亠亳亳亰亳舒仆亠, 从仂仂 亳仄舒 亰舒亟舒舒 亟舒 舒亳舒 于亠从亳 仗仂亠 仆舒于亠仄亠 仆亠亞亳舒 亠 于亳从仂 亠亰 弌 17. 亠仄亠于亳 仂亞舒仆亳亠仆亳 仂仆磻仂亞舒 亳亰亳从于舒 亳仄仍舒亳亳 亳仍亳 亠从仗亠亳仄亠仆亳 亰舒 于舒仍亳亟舒亳 亞舒仆亳舒于舒 仗亳仍仂亢亠仆亳亠仂 仆舒 仆磻仂亳 亳仂从仂 舒亰仗仂舒仆亠仆亳 仗仂亟仂亟亳 亰舒 仗仂亠从亳舒仆亠 亳亠从舒, 仂亳亠仆亳舒仆舒 从仄 仍亞亳 仂弍舒亢亠仆亳 亰舒 仗仂亳亰于仂亟亳亠仍仆仂 仆舒仍舒亞舒 仗仂亠弍舒舒 仆舒 仗仂亞舒仄仆亳 亠亰亳亳 仂 仆亳从仂 仆亳于仂 18. 亞舒亟亠仆亳 亳亠仄亳 弌亳亠仄亳 亰舒 仗舒于仍亠仆亳亠 弌亳亠仄亳 仂弍仂 仗亠亟仆舒亰仆舒亠仆亳亠 亞舒亟亠仆亳 亳亠仄亳 弌亳亠仄亳 亰舒 亠舒仍仆仂 于亠仄亠 20. 舒亰舒弍仂从舒 仆舒 亳亠仄亳 亰舒 仗舒于仍亠仆亳亠 仂亞舒仄亳亠仄亳 仍仂亞亳亠从亳 从仂仆仂仍亠亳 (PLC) 弌舒仆亟舒 IEC 61131 21. 亳亰舒亶仆 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍从亳 亳仆亠亠亶 () 亠仂弍仂亟亳仄仂 亠 亟舒 亠 仗仂亠从亳舒 舒从舒, 亠 亟舒 仂亞仂于舒 仆舒 仄亠仆亳舒, 仂仗亳舒 亳 仂舒从于舒仆亳舒 仆舒 仗亠亟仗仂仍舒亞舒亠仄亳亠 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳 仆舒 亳亠仄舒舒 仆仂亞仂 亠仂 仂弍亳从仆仂于亠仆亳 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍 仂亠仆磦舒 亳亠仄舒舒 仗仂亠亟 亳仆亠亠亶舒 亶, 舒 仆亠 仗仂亠亟 仆亠亶仆舒舒 仆从亳仂仆舒仍仆仂 仂仂 仗仂亠从亳舒仆亳 亳仆亠亠亶 仄仂亢亠 亟舒 仗亠亟亳亰于亳从舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍 亟舒 亳亰于亳 亠亳仂亰仆亳 亞亠从亳 22. 亳仆亳仗亳 亰舒 仗仂亠从亳舒仆亠 仆舒 亰亳仄舒 亠 仗亠亟于亳亟 仆亢亟亳亠, 仂仗亳舒 亳 于亰仄仂亢仆仂亳亠 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳亠 仆舒 亳亠仄舒舒 舒亢仆仂 亠 亟舒 亠 亳仄舒 仗亠亟于亳亟 亳亰亳亠从亳亠 亳 仄于亠仆亳 于亰仄仂亢仆仂亳 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳亠 仂亠弍亳亠仍亳亠 舒 仂舒, 仍亠亟仂于舒亠仍仆仂 仗舒于 亞亠从亳 23. 亳仆亳仗亳 亰舒 亟亳亰舒亶仆 于亠亟仂仄亠仆仂 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳亠 丐磡于舒 亟舒 亠 亳亰仗仂仍亰于舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍从亳-仂亳亠仆亳舒仆亳 亠仄亳仆亳 亳 亳亟亠亳, 于仄亠仂 亳亠仄仆仂-仂亳亠仆亳舒仆亳 仂仂礌于仂 仂仄舒仆亟亳亠 亳 仄亠仆ﾑ舒舒 磡于舒 亟舒 舒 仗仂亟仂弍仆亳 亳仗舒 仆舒 亳亰仆亠仆舒亟亳 仂弍亠 亠 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳亠 亟舒 亳仄舒 于亰仄仂亢仆仂 亟舒 仗亠亟于亳亢亟舒 亠亠从舒 仂 亳亰仗仍仆亠仆亳亠仂 仆舒 仗仂亟仂弍仆亳 从仂仄舒仆亟亳 24. 亳仆亳仗亳 亰舒 亟亳亰舒亶仆 亰舒仆仂于亳仄仂 丐磡于舒 亟舒 亠 亟舒于舒 于亰仄仂亢仆仂 亰舒 于舒仆亠 从仄 仗亠亟亳仆仂 仂礌亳亠 亰亳从于舒仆亠 亰舒 仗仂于亢亟亠仆亳亠 仆舒 仂仗亠亟亠仍亠仆亳 亟亠亶于亳 Undo 亳 亟. 从仂于仂亟亠仆亠 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍 从仂于仂亟于舒, 仄舒亠亳舒仍亳... 舒亰仆仂仂弍舒亰亳亠 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳亠 弌亠于于舒 舒亰仆仂仂弍舒亰亳亠 于于 于亰仄仂亢仆仂亳亠 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳亠, 仆舒仗亳仄亠 从仂亞仍亠亟于仂 25. 仆仂于仆亳 于仗仂亳 舒从 亳仆仂仄舒亳舒 仂 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍 亠 弍亟亠 于于亠亟亠仆舒 于 从仂仄仗ﾑ仆舒舒 亳亠仄舒? 舒从 亳仆仂仄舒亳舒 仂 从仂仄仗ﾑ仆舒舒 亳亠仄舒 亠 弍亟亠 仗亠亟舒于亠仆舒 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳亠? 29. Information presentation Information presentation is concerned with presenting system information to system users The information may be presented directly (e.g. text in a word processor) or may be transformed in some way for presentation (e.g. in some graphical form The Model-View-Controller approach is a way of supporting multiple presentations of data 30. Colour displays Colour adds an extra dimension to an interface Can help the user understand complex information structures Can be used to highlight exceptional events Common mistakes in the use of colour in interface design include: The use of colour to communicate meaning; The over-use of colour in the display 31. Error messages Poor error messages can mean that a user rejects rather than accepts a system Messages should be polite, concise, consistent and constructive The background and experience of users should be the determining factor in message design 32. 仂亠 亰舒 仗仂亠从亳舒仆亠 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍从亳 亳仆亠亠亶 亠舒亳于亠仆 仗仂亠 弍仍亳亰从仂 于亰舒亳仄仂亟亠亶于亳亠 仄亠亢亟 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍亳 亳 亟亳亰舒亶仆亠亳 仄舒 亳 仂仆仂于仆亳 亟亠亶仆仂亳 仆舒仍亳亰 仆舒 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍 亰舒于舒仆亠 仆舒 仂于舒 从舒从于仂 仗仂亠弍亳亠仍 亠 仗舒于亳 亳亠仄舒舒 亰亞舒亢亟舒仆亠 仆舒 仗仂仂亳仗亳 仆舒 亳亠仄舒舒 亠仆磦舒仆亠 仆舒 亳仆亠亠亶亳亠 亠亰 亠从仗亠亳仄亠仆亳 仗仂仂亳仗亳亠 仆舒 亳亠仄舒舒 
