Soil Erosin
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This document discusses soil erosion, including its types, causes, environmental effects, and methods for prevention and control. It defines soil erosion as the removal of topsoil by forces such as water, wind, animals, ice, and human activity. The main types of erosion are by water and wind. Factors that influence erosion include slope, soil texture, structure, climate, permeability, organic matter levels, vegetation cover, and grazing. Erosion negatively impacts soil quality, crop yields, water quality, and can lead to desertification. Recommended prevention methods include establishing plant cover, using fertilizers, crop rotation, windbreaks, controlled grazing, minimum tilling, contour farming, and artificial channels.
Soil Erosin
- 1. Raparin university faculty of science Biology department Soil erosion Prepared by: supervisor: Mr.Saman Ali Bayz Ebrahim Farhad Muhammad Bewar Ali
- 3. Overview Soil erosion Types of soil erosion Factors determining soil erosion environmental effects of erosion -on the soil -on the crops prevent & control of soil erosion
- 4. Soil erosion Soil erosion is a natural geologic process in which the top soil surface is detachment or remove by the many causes such as water, wind, animals ,ice, and humans activity.
- 5. Soil erosion When a raindrop hits soil that is not protected by a cover of vegetation and where there are no roots to bind the soil, it has the impact of a bullet. erosion removes the topsoil first, Once this nutrient-rich layer is gone, few plants Will grow in the soil again.
- 6. Types of soil erosion 1. Erosion by water Sheet erosion Rill erosion (channel erosion) Gully erosion (dongas) Bank erosion 2.Erosion by wind Wind erosion
- 7. Sheet erosion Sheet erosion is erosion that occurs fairly evenly over an area. As raindrops loosen soil, the surface water runoff can transport topsoil in a uniform fashion.
- 8. Rill erosion When rainfall does not soak into the soil, it can gather on the surface and runs downhill, forming small channels of water called rills.
- 9. Gully erosion Gully erosion can be thought of as advanced rill erosion. In fact, if rills are not addressed, they will grow into larger gullies. Gulley erosion can spell big problems for farmers because the affected land is not able to be used for growing crops.
- 10. Bank erosion Natural streams and constructed drainage channels act as outlets for surface water runoff and subsurface drainage systems.
- 11. Wind erosion Wind erosion can occur only when windspeed at the soil surface is sufficient to lift and transport soil particles. Moist soils and soils with stable aggregates or rock fragments are less likely to be eroded than other soils.
- 12. Factors determining soil erosion 1.Slope and length The steeper the slope, the greater the erosion, as a result of the increased velocity (swiftness) of water-flow.
- 13. Factors determining soil erosion 2.Soil texture The three main particles are sand, silt and clay. The more sandy a soil the easier it will erode. 3.Soil structure grouping and arrangements of the main three particles.
- 14. Factors determining soil erosion 4. The climatic conditions of the area. 5. the water permeability of the soil. 6.Organim matter level. 7. Vegetation cover. 8.Over grazing.
- 15. environmental effects of erosion Erosion has long-term consequences for soil quality: 1. reducing the depth of soil available for rooting and for storing water. 2.Desertification and drought.
- 16. environmental effects of erosion 3. reducing infiltration of water into soil and increasing run off. 4. Erosion removes top layer of soil first. 5. When eroded into water water quality decreases. 6.Land become infertile.
- 17. environmental effects of erosion Short-term consequences on individual crops: 1.loss of seeds, seedlings and fertiliser. 2.Plants become unable to grow. 3.soil being washed from the roots(root exposed)
- 18. prevent & control of soil erosion 1.Plant cover. -Benefits of plants Absorb water that can lead to runoff Roots hold soil intact Decrease impact of rain before it hits soil, decreasing erosion effectiveness
- 19. prevent & control of soil erosion 2. Use fertilizer or dead animal remains: -Give nutrients and minerals to soil, allow plant to grow. 3. Use crop rotations: -Prevents plants from using all minerals in soil.
- 20. prevent & control of soil erosion 4. Use of windbreakes. 5. avoiding overgrazing and the over-use of crop lands.
- 21. prevent & control of soil erosion 6.Plants establish root systems, which in turn, stabilises the soil, preventing erosion. 7. Flumes are artificial channels that control the flow of water down.
- 22. prevent & control of soil erosion 8. strip cropping 9.Minimum tilling Minimum Tillage/Contour 10.Contour farming
- 24. The end Thank you Keep green!