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Solar energy

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This document provides an overview of photovoltaics and solar energy. It discusses the history of photovoltaics from 1839 when the photovoltaic effect was discovered to recent developments. It describes the difference between the photovoltaic effect and photoelectric effect. It also explains how semiconductors are produced through doping to create P-N junctions and the different types of solar cells including thin film, polycrystalline and monocrystalline cells. The document concludes with a look at future developments in solar energy technology.

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Overview History of Photovoltaics Photovoltaic effect vs. Photoelectric effect Semiconductor production P-N junction Different types of PV cells and the efficiencies A brief look at the future of solar energy
What is Solar Energy and How is it used? Radiation from sun Earth receives ~174 petawatts (1015 watts) at the upper atmosphere. Only ~ 47% is absorbed. Solar panels Photosynthesis
History of Photovoltaics French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovers the 1839 photovoltaic effect The first solid state photovoltaic cell was built by 1883 Charles Fritts Albert Einstein published his paper on the 1905 photoelectric effect The first practical photovoltaic was developed at Bell 1954 Laboratories 1970s Solar energy became commercialized World record efficiency reached 44% with a 2012 multijunction cell
Photovoltaic Effect vs. Photoelectric Effect Photovoltaic Effect Photoelectric Effect The creation of voltage or electrical The emission of electrons from a solid, current in a material upon exposure to liquid, or gas upon exposure to light. light. Electrons are ejected when excess Electrons absorb energy and become energy is absorbed. excited. If the photon energy is too low the Electrons move to the conduction electrons will not be able to escape band to become free.
Doping A process first developed by John Robert Woodyard Doping intentionally introduces impurities into a pure semiconductor for the purpose of modulating its electrical properties Group IV semiconductors such as Silicon are used By doping semiconductors the we are able to form P-type and N-type semiconductors
P-type Semiconductor Doped with Group III element such as Boron Abundance of holes or electron deficiencies Electrical conduction due primarily movement of holes
N-type Semiconductor Doped with Group V elements such as Phosphorous Abundance of extra electrons Electrical conduction due primarily to movement of electrons
P-N Junction
Thin-film Solar Cells Around 8% efficiency Very thin layers of photovoltaic material. The thickness is anywhere between a few nanometers to tens of micrometers Small portion of the solar cell market
Polycrstalline Solar Cells Around 14-16 % efficiency Uses multiple crystal to harness the suns light. Generally, these are cheaper and easier to install.
Monocrystalline Solar Cells Around 16-19 % efficiency Made from a single crystal cell Generally, these are the most popular and most efficient cells on the market.
Multijunction Cells Efficiencies up to 44 % Not available on the market. Only used experimentally in a lab setting. Cells are used in tandem to gain better efficiencies
Solar Cell Efficiencies
Solar Cell Diagram Each cell produces 0.5 Volts Cells are connected in series of 18 Volts, which creates a module of 36 cells A photovoltaic system needs an array of cells, charge controller, battery system, an inverter, and wires to connect the system
Future for Solar Energy Over the last 20 years, prices have dropped significantly Clean renewable energy Production has increase exponentially Dye-sensitized solar cell (DCS) technology Many other examples
References Brown, Eric W. "An Introduction to Solar Energy." N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. Future Energy. Concepts for Future Electricity Generation. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. Honsburg, Christiana, and Stuart Bowden. "The Photovoltaic Effect." PVEducation. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. How Does Solar Power Work? Solar Power. Web. 2 Apr. 2013 Marti, Antonio, and A. Luque. "Thermodynamics of Solar Energy Conversion. Next Generation Photovoltaics: High Efficiency through Full Spectrum Utilization. Bristol: Institute of Physics, 2004. SciFinder. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. Miessler, Gary L., and Donald A. Tarr. The Crystalline Solid State. Inorganic Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. 238-239. Print. Moore, Taylor; "Opening the Door for Utility Photovoltaics", EPRI Journal, Jan./Feb. 1987; Palo Alto, CA; 1987 "Solar Cell Efficiency." NREL. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. "Types of Solar Panels." Sun Connect. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2013. Zyga, Lisa. Solar Thermal Process Produces Cement with No Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Science News, Technology, Physics, Nanotechnology, Space Science, Earth Science, Medicine. Phys.Org, 10 Apr. 2012. Web. 2 Apr. 2013 .

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Solar energy

  • 1. Project BY:
  • 2. Overview History of Photovoltaics Photovoltaic effect vs. Photoelectric effect Semiconductor production P-N junction Different types of PV cells and the efficiencies A brief look at the future of solar energy
  • 3. What is Solar Energy and How is it used? Radiation from sun Earth receives ~174 petawatts (1015 watts) at the upper atmosphere. Only ~ 47% is absorbed. Solar panels Photosynthesis
  • 4. History of Photovoltaics French scientist Edmond Becquerel discovers the 1839 photovoltaic effect The first solid state photovoltaic cell was built by 1883 Charles Fritts Albert Einstein published his paper on the 1905 photoelectric effect The first practical photovoltaic was developed at Bell 1954 Laboratories 1970s Solar energy became commercialized World record efficiency reached 44% with a 2012 multijunction cell
  • 5. Photovoltaic Effect vs. Photoelectric Effect Photovoltaic Effect Photoelectric Effect The creation of voltage or electrical The emission of electrons from a solid, current in a material upon exposure to liquid, or gas upon exposure to light. light. Electrons are ejected when excess Electrons absorb energy and become energy is absorbed. excited. If the photon energy is too low the Electrons move to the conduction electrons will not be able to escape band to become free.
  • 6. Doping A process first developed by John Robert Woodyard Doping intentionally introduces impurities into a pure semiconductor for the purpose of modulating its electrical properties Group IV semiconductors such as Silicon are used By doping semiconductors the we are able to form P-type and N-type semiconductors
  • 7. P-type Semiconductor Doped with Group III element such as Boron Abundance of holes or electron deficiencies Electrical conduction due primarily movement of holes
  • 8. N-type Semiconductor Doped with Group V elements such as Phosphorous Abundance of extra electrons Electrical conduction due primarily to movement of electrons
  • 10. Thin-film Solar Cells Around 8% efficiency Very thin layers of photovoltaic material. The thickness is anywhere between a few nanometers to tens of micrometers Small portion of the solar cell market
  • 11. Polycrstalline Solar Cells Around 14-16 % efficiency Uses multiple crystal to harness the suns light. Generally, these are cheaper and easier to install.
  • 12. Monocrystalline Solar Cells Around 16-19 % efficiency Made from a single crystal cell Generally, these are the most popular and most efficient cells on the market.
  • 13. Multijunction Cells Efficiencies up to 44 % Not available on the market. Only used experimentally in a lab setting. Cells are used in tandem to gain better efficiencies
  • 15. Solar Cell Diagram Each cell produces 0.5 Volts Cells are connected in series of 18 Volts, which creates a module of 36 cells A photovoltaic system needs an array of cells, charge controller, battery system, an inverter, and wires to connect the system
  • 16. Future for Solar Energy Over the last 20 years, prices have dropped significantly Clean renewable energy Production has increase exponentially Dye-sensitized solar cell (DCS) technology Many other examples
  • 17. References Brown, Eric W. "An Introduction to Solar Energy." N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. Future Energy. Concepts for Future Electricity Generation. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. Honsburg, Christiana, and Stuart Bowden. "The Photovoltaic Effect." PVEducation. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. How Does Solar Power Work? Solar Power. Web. 2 Apr. 2013 Marti, Antonio, and A. Luque. "Thermodynamics of Solar Energy Conversion. Next Generation Photovoltaics: High Efficiency through Full Spectrum Utilization. Bristol: Institute of Physics, 2004. SciFinder. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. Miessler, Gary L., and Donald A. Tarr. The Crystalline Solid State. Inorganic Chemistry. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. 238-239. Print. Moore, Taylor; "Opening the Door for Utility Photovoltaics", EPRI Journal, Jan./Feb. 1987; Palo Alto, CA; 1987 "Solar Cell Efficiency." NREL. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, n.d. Web. 02 Apr. 2013. "Types of Solar Panels." Sun Connect. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Apr. 2013. Zyga, Lisa. Solar Thermal Process Produces Cement with No Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Science News, Technology, Physics, Nanotechnology, Space Science, Earth Science, Medicine. Phys.Org, 10 Apr. 2012. Web. 2 Apr. 2013 .