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Solid Dosage Forms.pptx

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Akshata Jain

Tablets, solid dosage, powder

1 of 32
Prepared by Akshata A Jain Asst.prof. KYDSCTs College of Pharmacy
INTRODUCTON The solid dosage forms are the most commonly used dosage form because of the stability and ease of mass production. The solid dosage forms, which are solid in nature which contain one or more drugs for therapeutic effects and excipients like Binders, Sweeteners, coloring agents, etc. Example of solid dosage form: Tablets, capsules, granules, sachets, powders, dry powder inhalers, and chewable.
Advantages Disadvantages More stable than other dosage forms. Expensive Machines. Easy to handle. Tough to swallow for kids and patients in sleeping condition. More accurate of the dosage form. No preservation required.
Powder are the simplest dosage forms and the basis of many other solid dosage forms such as TABLET, CAPSULE etc. Powder were originally designed as a convenient mode of administering hard vegetable drugs such as roots, bark and woods. Powders are intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and or chemical that may be intended for internal or external use (e.g. external applications to the skin).
Mixing of powders: There are five main methods of mixing powders: 1. Spatulation 2. Trituration 3. Geometric dilution 4. Sifting 5. Tumbling
1. Spatulation : Spatulation is blending small amounts of powders by movement of a spatula through them on a sheet of paper or an ointment tile. Because homogeneous blending is not as certain as other methods this method is not suitable for - Large quantities of powders or - Powders containing potent substances.
2. Trituration A trituration is a mixture of one or more finely ground powdered drugs. It is used both to reduce particle size & mix powders.
3. Geometric dilution Geometric dilution is a pharmaceutical process that thoroughly mixes a small amount of a drug with an appropriate amount of a diluent. The method used depends on the types of substances used, such as a fluid or powder. Two commonly used geometric dilution methods include trituration, which can be used to combine powders or mix a powder into an ointment, and the liquid aliquot method, which involves combining fluids to create a solution.
Solid Dosage Forms.pptx
4. Sifting
5. Tumbling Tumbling is a process of mixing powders by shaking or rotating them in a closed container. Mixing is thorough but time consuming. Mostly used in industry.
Packing of Powders: Powders may be wrapped in paper or dispensed in bulk powder in a wide mouth container. Wrapping of powders:-White glazed paper is generally used for wrapping. The wrapping should be done on a clean tile or large sheet of a glazed paper to protect the product.
Solid Dosage Forms.pptx
1. Bulk powder for internal use. 2. Bulk powders for external use. 3. Simple and compound powders for internal use 4. Powders enclosed in catchets and capsules 5. Compressed powders (tablets)
1. Bulk powder for internal use Powders are dispensed in bulk, when accuracy of dosage is not important. Bulk powder contains several doses of powder. They are supplied in wide mouthed containers that permits easy removal of a spoonful of powder. The non potent substances which are supplied in bulk are antacids and laxatives etc.
2. Bulk powders for external use Bulk powders meant for external use are non potent substances. These powders are supplied in cardboard, glass or plastic containers, which are often designed for the specific method of application. The dusting powders are preferably supplied in perforated or sifter top containers. The container should bear a label indicating that the powder is meant for external application.
The bulk powders which are commonly used for external application are as follows: a) Dusting powders b) Insufflations c) Snuffs d) Dentifrices Dusting powders: These are meant for the external application to the skin and are generally applied in a very fine state of subdivision to avoid local irritation. Hence, dusting powders should be passed through seive no. 80 to enhance their effectiveness. Dusting powders are of 2 types: Medical Surgical
Medical dusting powders are used for superficial skin conditions, whereas surgical dusting powder are used in body cavities and also on major wounds as a result of burns and umbilical cords of infants. Medical & Surgical dusting powders before use must be sterilized by dry heat method at 1600 C for 2 hrs. In the preparation of dusting powder the talc or kaolin, starch are used commonly because these are chemically inert. But, such ingredients are readily contaminated with pathogenic bacteria so, these must be sterilised before their use by dry heat sterilisation method. The dusting powders are dispensed in sifter or aerosol containers. Dusting powders are generally non- toxic but inhalation of its fine powdered ingredients by infants may lead to pulmonary inflammation. So proper care should be taken while handling. Use : Antiseptic, Astringent, Absorbent, Antiperspirant
Insufflations: These are medicated dusting powder meant for introduction into body cavities such as, nose, throat, ears & vagina with the help of an apparatus Insufflator. Nowadays, the insufflations are available in the form of pressure aerosols & these aerosols used for potent drugs. Insufflations are used to produce a local effect in the treatment of ear, nose, throat infection with antibiotics or to produce a systemic effect from a drug that is destroyed in the gut.
Snuffs: These are finely divided solid dosage form of medicament which are inhaled into nostrils for antiseptic, bronchodilator & decongestion action. Snuffs are dispensed in flat metal boxes or glass container with hinged lid. Dentifrices (tooth powders): These are applied on tooth surface with help of brush. They contains suitable detergent or soap, some abrasive substance & suitable flavoring agents are involved. Abrasive agents such as calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate & sodium chloride are use in fine powder.
3. Simple and compound powders for internal use In this form of powder, each individual dose is enclosed in paper. The number of ingredient is one i.e. simple powder while more than one i.e. compound powder. The minimum qty of each powder should not be less then 100 mg for it can be handled conveniently by patient & can be weighed accurately. Simple powder: In simple powder contains only one ingredient either in crystalline form or amorphous form. If powder present in crystalline form then it is reduced to fine powder, weighed the powder & divided into number of doses & wrapped as individual dose.
Compound powders: contains two or more than two substances which are mixed together. Then divided into desired number of individual doses which are dispensed into each powder paper. 4. Powders Enclosed in cachets Cachets are solid dosage form of drug & cachets are also called as wafer capsules. These are moulded from rice paper, which is made by pouring a mixture of rice flour and water between two hot, polishes, revolving cylinders. The water evaporates and a sheet of wafer is formed. They are quite hard to swallow as such but they are softened by dipping in water for a few seconds and then placed on the tongue and swallowed with a draught of water After swallowing cachet gets disintegrate and drug is released.
5. Compressed tablets or tablet triturates or moulded tablets These are powders moulded into tablets. They are flat, circular disc & usually contains potent drug which is mixed with lactose, dextrose or some other diluents. The apparatus is made up of stainless steel or plastic. It consist of upper & lower perforated plates which is having an exactly the same number of holes as that of number of pegs in a lower plate. The lower plate also have two large pegs which ensure correct fitting of the plates. The moulds are available in several sizes having a capacity ranging from 30 to 250 mg. Generally 50 to 250 tablet triturates can be prepared at a time from a tablet triturate mould.
The powder with diluents are mixed together & made a stiff paste with the help of alcohol 60%. Then, paste is introduced on upper plate with the help of spatula & fill all the holes & removes excess. This plate is placed over the lower plate. Then little pressure is applied over the top plate which will force the plate move downward, leaving the mould tablet on the projected pegs. Then, prepared tablets dried in hot air oven or by keeping in warm place.
Dispensing of powders involving special problems Dispensing of powders involving special problems/ problems encountered in powder formulation. A number of problems arise while dispensing a powder containing volatile substances, hygroscopic and deliquescent powders, eutectic mixtures, efflorescent powders, liquids, explosive substance and potent drugs. So special consideration are done while dispensing such powders.
Volatile substances certain vegetable powders contain volatile oils. To prevent the loss of volatile oils, these vegetable drugs must be powdered lightly in a mortar. Similarly the volatilization of substances like menthol, camphor and essential oils may take place on incorporation in powders. This is prevented or at least minimized by the use of double wrapping. The inner wrapper should be of wax paper and outer wrapper may be of any thick paper.
Hygroscopic powders and deliquescent powder The powders which absorb moisture from the atmosphere are called hygroscopic powders. Examples of such substances include ammonium citrate, pepsin, phenobarbitone, sodium bromide, sodium iodide etc. Such substances are usually supplied in granular from in order to expose less surface area to the atmosphere.
Efflorescent powders Some crystalline substances liberate water of crystallization wholly or partly on exposure to humid atmosphere or during trituration and thus become wet or liquefy. Example of such substances include caffeine, citric acid, ferrous sulphate etc. The difficulty may be overcome by using corresponding anhydrous salt or an inert substance may be mixed with efflorescent substance before incorporating with other ingredients
Eutectic mixtures: These substances can be dispensed by two methods 1. Dispense as separate set of powders with 2. directions that one of each kind shall be taken as a dose An equal amount of any of inert absorbent like magnesium carbonate, light magnesium oxide kaolin starch may be mixed with eutectic substance then blended together lightly with a spatula on a sheet of paper.
Weighing is one of the most important step which is needed in almost all types of pharmaceutical operations. A dispensing balance consist of simple right but rigid, equal armed horizontal beam with central & terminal knief edges of steel which work in agate or steel bearing. Two pans are suspended from the terminal knief edges.
One of pans which is made of glass is used for placing the material for weighing. The other pan is made of metal & is used for keeping the weights on it.
Solid Dosage Forms.pptx

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Solid Dosage Forms.pptx

  • 1. Prepared by Akshata A Jain Asst.prof. KYDSCTs College of Pharmacy
  • 2. INTRODUCTON The solid dosage forms are the most commonly used dosage form because of the stability and ease of mass production. The solid dosage forms, which are solid in nature which contain one or more drugs for therapeutic effects and excipients like Binders, Sweeteners, coloring agents, etc. Example of solid dosage form: Tablets, capsules, granules, sachets, powders, dry powder inhalers, and chewable.
  • 3. Advantages Disadvantages More stable than other dosage forms. Expensive Machines. Easy to handle. Tough to swallow for kids and patients in sleeping condition. More accurate of the dosage form. No preservation required.
  • 4. Powder are the simplest dosage forms and the basis of many other solid dosage forms such as TABLET, CAPSULE etc. Powder were originally designed as a convenient mode of administering hard vegetable drugs such as roots, bark and woods. Powders are intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and or chemical that may be intended for internal or external use (e.g. external applications to the skin).
  • 5. Mixing of powders: There are five main methods of mixing powders: 1. Spatulation 2. Trituration 3. Geometric dilution 4. Sifting 5. Tumbling
  • 6. 1. Spatulation : Spatulation is blending small amounts of powders by movement of a spatula through them on a sheet of paper or an ointment tile. Because homogeneous blending is not as certain as other methods this method is not suitable for - Large quantities of powders or - Powders containing potent substances.
  • 7. 2. Trituration A trituration is a mixture of one or more finely ground powdered drugs. It is used both to reduce particle size & mix powders.
  • 8. 3. Geometric dilution Geometric dilution is a pharmaceutical process that thoroughly mixes a small amount of a drug with an appropriate amount of a diluent. The method used depends on the types of substances used, such as a fluid or powder. Two commonly used geometric dilution methods include trituration, which can be used to combine powders or mix a powder into an ointment, and the liquid aliquot method, which involves combining fluids to create a solution.
  • 11. 5. Tumbling Tumbling is a process of mixing powders by shaking or rotating them in a closed container. Mixing is thorough but time consuming. Mostly used in industry.
  • 12. Packing of Powders: Powders may be wrapped in paper or dispensed in bulk powder in a wide mouth container. Wrapping of powders:-White glazed paper is generally used for wrapping. The wrapping should be done on a clean tile or large sheet of a glazed paper to protect the product.
  • 14. 1. Bulk powder for internal use. 2. Bulk powders for external use. 3. Simple and compound powders for internal use 4. Powders enclosed in catchets and capsules 5. Compressed powders (tablets)
  • 15. 1. Bulk powder for internal use Powders are dispensed in bulk, when accuracy of dosage is not important. Bulk powder contains several doses of powder. They are supplied in wide mouthed containers that permits easy removal of a spoonful of powder. The non potent substances which are supplied in bulk are antacids and laxatives etc.
  • 16. 2. Bulk powders for external use Bulk powders meant for external use are non potent substances. These powders are supplied in cardboard, glass or plastic containers, which are often designed for the specific method of application. The dusting powders are preferably supplied in perforated or sifter top containers. The container should bear a label indicating that the powder is meant for external application.
  • 17. The bulk powders which are commonly used for external application are as follows: a) Dusting powders b) Insufflations c) Snuffs d) Dentifrices Dusting powders: These are meant for the external application to the skin and are generally applied in a very fine state of subdivision to avoid local irritation. Hence, dusting powders should be passed through seive no. 80 to enhance their effectiveness. Dusting powders are of 2 types: Medical Surgical
  • 18. Medical dusting powders are used for superficial skin conditions, whereas surgical dusting powder are used in body cavities and also on major wounds as a result of burns and umbilical cords of infants. Medical & Surgical dusting powders before use must be sterilized by dry heat method at 1600 C for 2 hrs. In the preparation of dusting powder the talc or kaolin, starch are used commonly because these are chemically inert. But, such ingredients are readily contaminated with pathogenic bacteria so, these must be sterilised before their use by dry heat sterilisation method. The dusting powders are dispensed in sifter or aerosol containers. Dusting powders are generally non- toxic but inhalation of its fine powdered ingredients by infants may lead to pulmonary inflammation. So proper care should be taken while handling. Use : Antiseptic, Astringent, Absorbent, Antiperspirant
  • 19. Insufflations: These are medicated dusting powder meant for introduction into body cavities such as, nose, throat, ears & vagina with the help of an apparatus Insufflator. Nowadays, the insufflations are available in the form of pressure aerosols & these aerosols used for potent drugs. Insufflations are used to produce a local effect in the treatment of ear, nose, throat infection with antibiotics or to produce a systemic effect from a drug that is destroyed in the gut.
  • 20. Snuffs: These are finely divided solid dosage form of medicament which are inhaled into nostrils for antiseptic, bronchodilator & decongestion action. Snuffs are dispensed in flat metal boxes or glass container with hinged lid. Dentifrices (tooth powders): These are applied on tooth surface with help of brush. They contains suitable detergent or soap, some abrasive substance & suitable flavoring agents are involved. Abrasive agents such as calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate & sodium chloride are use in fine powder.
  • 21. 3. Simple and compound powders for internal use In this form of powder, each individual dose is enclosed in paper. The number of ingredient is one i.e. simple powder while more than one i.e. compound powder. The minimum qty of each powder should not be less then 100 mg for it can be handled conveniently by patient & can be weighed accurately. Simple powder: In simple powder contains only one ingredient either in crystalline form or amorphous form. If powder present in crystalline form then it is reduced to fine powder, weighed the powder & divided into number of doses & wrapped as individual dose.
  • 22. Compound powders: contains two or more than two substances which are mixed together. Then divided into desired number of individual doses which are dispensed into each powder paper. 4. Powders Enclosed in cachets Cachets are solid dosage form of drug & cachets are also called as wafer capsules. These are moulded from rice paper, which is made by pouring a mixture of rice flour and water between two hot, polishes, revolving cylinders. The water evaporates and a sheet of wafer is formed. They are quite hard to swallow as such but they are softened by dipping in water for a few seconds and then placed on the tongue and swallowed with a draught of water After swallowing cachet gets disintegrate and drug is released.
  • 23. 5. Compressed tablets or tablet triturates or moulded tablets These are powders moulded into tablets. They are flat, circular disc & usually contains potent drug which is mixed with lactose, dextrose or some other diluents. The apparatus is made up of stainless steel or plastic. It consist of upper & lower perforated plates which is having an exactly the same number of holes as that of number of pegs in a lower plate. The lower plate also have two large pegs which ensure correct fitting of the plates. The moulds are available in several sizes having a capacity ranging from 30 to 250 mg. Generally 50 to 250 tablet triturates can be prepared at a time from a tablet triturate mould.
  • 24. The powder with diluents are mixed together & made a stiff paste with the help of alcohol 60%. Then, paste is introduced on upper plate with the help of spatula & fill all the holes & removes excess. This plate is placed over the lower plate. Then little pressure is applied over the top plate which will force the plate move downward, leaving the mould tablet on the projected pegs. Then, prepared tablets dried in hot air oven or by keeping in warm place.
  • 25. Dispensing of powders involving special problems Dispensing of powders involving special problems/ problems encountered in powder formulation. A number of problems arise while dispensing a powder containing volatile substances, hygroscopic and deliquescent powders, eutectic mixtures, efflorescent powders, liquids, explosive substance and potent drugs. So special consideration are done while dispensing such powders.
  • 26. Volatile substances certain vegetable powders contain volatile oils. To prevent the loss of volatile oils, these vegetable drugs must be powdered lightly in a mortar. Similarly the volatilization of substances like menthol, camphor and essential oils may take place on incorporation in powders. This is prevented or at least minimized by the use of double wrapping. The inner wrapper should be of wax paper and outer wrapper may be of any thick paper.
  • 27. Hygroscopic powders and deliquescent powder The powders which absorb moisture from the atmosphere are called hygroscopic powders. Examples of such substances include ammonium citrate, pepsin, phenobarbitone, sodium bromide, sodium iodide etc. Such substances are usually supplied in granular from in order to expose less surface area to the atmosphere.
  • 28. Efflorescent powders Some crystalline substances liberate water of crystallization wholly or partly on exposure to humid atmosphere or during trituration and thus become wet or liquefy. Example of such substances include caffeine, citric acid, ferrous sulphate etc. The difficulty may be overcome by using corresponding anhydrous salt or an inert substance may be mixed with efflorescent substance before incorporating with other ingredients
  • 29. Eutectic mixtures: These substances can be dispensed by two methods 1. Dispense as separate set of powders with 2. directions that one of each kind shall be taken as a dose An equal amount of any of inert absorbent like magnesium carbonate, light magnesium oxide kaolin starch may be mixed with eutectic substance then blended together lightly with a spatula on a sheet of paper.
  • 30. Weighing is one of the most important step which is needed in almost all types of pharmaceutical operations. A dispensing balance consist of simple right but rigid, equal armed horizontal beam with central & terminal knief edges of steel which work in agate or steel bearing. Two pans are suspended from the terminal knief edges.
  • 31. One of pans which is made of glass is used for placing the material for weighing. The other pan is made of metal & is used for keeping the weights on it.