§ã§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Ý§ä
- 1. §³§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û ?§ß§Õ§ã§ï§ß
§à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Ý§ä
§ª§ç §©§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ô §°§Ý§à§ß §µ§Ý§ã§í§ß §ª§ç §³§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§î
§®§ï§Õ§ï§ï§Ý§ï§Ý §´§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Û§ß §³§å§â§Ô§å§å§Ý§î
§¬§±§· 122
? Copyright By §¢.§®?§ß§ç§Ò§Ñ§ñ§â
- 2. §³§Ú §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û
? §³§Ú §ç§ï§Ý §Ñ§ß§ç 1972 §à§ß§Õ §¡§¯§µ-§Õ Bell
(§¢§Ú§Ý§Ý)-§Ú§Û§ß §ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§æ§à§ß§í §Ý§Ñ§Ò§à§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§Ú§Õ
UNIX ¨C?§Û§Ý§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Õ §Ù§à§â§Ú§å§Ý§Ñ§ß
Dennis Ritchie §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú§ã§ä
§Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß.
? §¿§ß§ï §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û ?§Þ§ß?§ç §ç§å§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â §ß§î Bell-
§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§â§Ú§Û§ß §ï§ç§ß§Ú§Û ?§ã§Ô§ï§ï§â §£ §ç§ï§Ý §Ô§ï§Ø
§ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§ï§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§ã§ß§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§ç
§ç§å§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ §³ §ç§ï§Ý §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß §ß§î
(ABCDEF ¡) §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ý§í§Ô §Ò§Ñ§â§Ú§Þ§ä§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß
§ä??§ç§ä§ï§Û.
- 3. §³ §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §à§ß§è§Ý§à§Ô§å§å§Õ
? §·?§é§Ú§â§ç§ï§Ô §Ò?§Ô??§Õ §å§ñ§ß §ç§Ñ§ä§Ñ§ß: ?§Û§Ý§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß
§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§à§ß §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§ï§ß§Ú§Û
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Õ §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô
? §®§ï§â§Ô§ï§Ø§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§Ô§é§Ú§Õ §Ò§å§ã§Ñ§Õ
§á§â§à§Ô§â.§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§ï§ï§ã §Ú§Ý?? §Ô§ï§Ø ?§Ù§Õ§ï§Ô
? §¡§Ó§ã§Ñ§Ñ§â§ç§Ñ§ß §ç§ï§Ý. ??§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §ç?§â§Ó?§ç
§é§Ñ§Õ§Ó§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Û §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §å§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.
§¯§ï§Ô §¬§à§Þ§á.§³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Õ §Ò§Ú§é§ã§ï§ß §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ ??§â
§ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Õ §ç?§â§Ó?§Ø §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ô.
? §³ §ç§ï§Ý§ï§ß§Õ §è??§ç?§ß §ä?§Ý§ç??§â ?§Ô
§ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô §Þ?§â§ä§Ý?? §ñ§Þ§Ñ§â§é §ä?§Ó?§Ô§ä§ï§Û
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§Õ§à§Ô.
- 4. ? §³ §ß§î §®§à§Õ§å§Ý§Ñ§â §ç§ï§Ý. ??§â??§â §ç§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý
§Ò§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò?§â§Õ§ï§Ý §ç§ï§ã§Ô??§Õ§ä§ï§Û
§Ò?§Ô??§Õ §ï§ß§ï §Ò?§â§Õ§ï§Ý §ç§ï§ã§Ô??§Õ §ß§î
§æ§å§ß§Ü §Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô §Õ§ï§Õ
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ, §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§å§å§Õ §ð§Þ.
? §¿§ß§ï §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û ?§â§Ô?§ä§Ô?§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §³++
§Ò§å§ð§å §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä §ç§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ä
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §ç§ï§Ý
§Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§à§Ô§Õ§ã§à§ß.
? §³++ = §³ §ç§ï§Ý+ §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä §ç§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ä
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý
- 5. ? §¢§Ñ§ã §ß§ï§Ô §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä §ç§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ä §ç§ï§Ý §Ò§à§Ý
JAVA §ð§Þ. §¿§ß§ï §ç§ï§Ý §Þ?§ß §Ý §³ ¨C§ç§ï§Ý
§Õ§ï§ï§â §ã§å§å§â§Ú§Ý§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§à§Ô§Õ§ã§à§ß §ç§ï§Ý
§ð§Þ.
- 6. §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§é§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ò§ï§Ý§ä§Ô§ï§Ý §Ñ§Ø§Ý§å§å§Õ:
§Á§Þ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Ô §Ñ§ã§å§å§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ò§å§ð§å §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à
§ê§Ú§Û§Õ§Ó§ï§â§Ý§ï§ç§ï§Õ §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û ?§Ö §ê§Ñ§ä
§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ô. ??§ß§Õ:
? §º§Ú§Û§Õ§ï§ç §×§ã§ä§à§Û §Ñ§ã§å§å§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ
(§¢§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à) §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§à§ç
? §º§Ú§Û§Õ§Ó§ï§â§Ý§ï§ç §ä?§Ý?§Ó§Ý?§Ô??
§Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§ß§Ñ.
? §´?§Ý?§Ó§Ý?§Ô??§Ô §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ø??§Ý§ß§ï.
? ?§â §Õ?§ß§Ô§ï§ï §ê§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ø, ?§ß§ï§Ý§ß§ï
- 7. §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç
§Ñ§Ý§ç§Ñ§Þ§å§å§Õ
? §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§í§Ô §ä§à§Õ§à§ç§à§Û§Ý§ß§à
? §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§ç §Ñ§â§Ô§å§å§Õ§í§Ô
§ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û§Ý§ß§à.
? §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§Ú§é§ß§ï
? §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§í§Ô §Ù?§Ô§ê§â??§Ý§ï§ß
§Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§å§å§Ý§ß§Ñ
? ?§â §Õ?§ß§Ô §ê§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ø, ?§ß§ï§Ý§ß§ï
- 8. §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §è§Ú§Ü§Ý
? §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§í§ß §ï§ç §Ü§à§Õ§í§Ô §Ñ§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ß §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý§í§Ô
§ñ§Þ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Ô §â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â-§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Õ ??§ã§Ô§ï§ß§ï
? §¿§ç §Ü§à§Õ§í§Ô §ç?§â§Ó??§Ý§ï§Ô§é-
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â(Compiler) §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§í§ß §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý
§â§å§å §ç?§â§Ó??§Ý§ß§ï
? §·?§â§Ó??§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ü§à§Õ§í§Ô §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§Ô§é-
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â (Linker) §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ä §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý
§Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ß§à
? §¡§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ä §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý§í§Ô §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§å§å§Ý§Ø
§ê§Ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ
- 9. §¿§ç §Ü§à§Õ(Source code) ??§ã§Ô§ï§ç
§Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ
? §´§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à §Ò§å§ð§å §Ò§à§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§í§Ô
§ê§Ú§Û§Õ§Ó§ï§â§Ý§ï§ç§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§Ý§Õ §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§ä §Ù§Ñ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§â
?§Ô?§ç §Ù§à§â§Ú§Ý§Ô§à§à§â §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Ô§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ §Ò§å§ð§å
§à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§å§å§Õ§í§ß §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§Ô §¿§ç §Ü§à§Õ §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô.
§¿§ç §Ü§à§Õ§í§Ô §ñ§Þ§Ñ§â §ß§ï§Ô §ä§Ö§Ü§ã§ä§Ú§Û§ß §â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§í§ß
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â ??§ã§Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô. §¨§Ú§ê§ï§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý: NotePad,
Edlin Wordpad §Ô§ï§ç §Þ§ï§ä. §ª§ç§ï§ß§ç
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§é§Ý§Ñ§Ý§í§ß §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ ??§â§ã§Õ§Ú§Û§ß §â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â-
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô. §³ §ç§ï§Ý ??§â§Ú§Û§ß
§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§ä§à§Û.
- 10. §¿§ç §Ü§à§Õ§í§Ô §ç?§â§Ó??§Ý§ï§ç (Compile)
? §¿§ç §Ü§à§Õ ??§ã§Ô§ï§ï§Õ §ä??§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â
§ê§å§å§Õ §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Þ§Ø§Ô?§Û.
? ??§ß§Ú§Û §ä§å§Ý§Õ §ï§ç §Ü§à§Õ§í§Ô §Þ§Ñ§ê§Ú§ß§í §ç§ï§Ý§â??
§ê§Ú§Ý§Ø??§Ý§ß§ï.
? §®§Ñ§ê§Ú§ß§í §ç§ï§Ý §â?? §ê§Ú§Ý§Ø??§Ý§ï§ç§Ú§Û§ß §ä§å§Õ
§ç?§â§Ó??§Ý§ï§Ô§é (Compiler) §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ
§ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Õ§ï§Ô.
? §ª§ß§Ô§ï§Ø §ç?§â§Ó??§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ü§à§Õ§í§Ô §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý
§Ô§ï§Ø §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ß§ï.
? Borland C ¨C §ß§î §Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§æ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§ï§Û
§å§é§Ú§â §ä??§ß§Ú§Û §è§ï§ã§Ú§Û§ß §Ü§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ñ§â §ê§å§å§Õ
§ç?§â§Ó??§Ý§Õ§ï§Ô.
- 11. §¤?§Û§è§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§é §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý ??§ã§Ô§ï§ç
(Executable file)
? §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý§í§Ô §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§Ô§é (Linker)
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ô?§Û§è§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§é §Ò§å§ð§å
§ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ø??§Ý§ï§Ô§é §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý §Ò§à§Ý§Ô§à§ß §ç§à§Ý§Ò§à§Ý§ä
§ç§Ú§Û§Õ§ï§Ô. §ª§ß§Ô§ï§ã§ß§ï§ï§â §Ô?§Û§è§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§é §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý
§Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§Ñ§â §ê§å§å§Õ §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ô
§á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.
- 12. §¿§ß§ï §Ò?§Ô§Õ§Ú§Û§Ô §ã§ç§Ö§Þ§ï§ï§â §Õ?§â§ã§ï§Ý§Ò§ï§Ý
? C Source code
? Compiler
? Object file
? Linker
? Executable file
? §¿§ç §Ü§à§Õ ??§ã§Ô§ï§ï§Õ name.cpp ?§â§Ô?§ä§Ô?§Ý§ä§ï§Û
? §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä §Ü§à§Õ name.obj ?§â§Ô?§ä§Ô?§Ý§ä§ï§Û
? §¤?§Û§è§ï§ä§Ô§ï§Ô§é §æ§Ñ§Û§Ý: name.exe ?§â§Ô?§ä§Ô?§Ý§ä§ï§Û
§Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ñ.
- 13. §³ §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §ï§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä??§Õ
? §³ §ç§ï§Ý §ß§î §Ö§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â ?§ã§ï§Ô,
§è§Ú§æ§â, §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Û §ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô, ?§Û§Ý§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß
§ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô§ä, ?§Ô §ç§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§Ô??§Õ§ï§ï§ã §Ò?§â§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô.
??§ß§Õ:
? Aa ¨C Z z ?§ã§Ô??§Õ
? 0 ¨C 9 §è§Ú§æ§â??§Õ
? +, -, *, /, ++, --, % §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô ?§Û§Ý§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß
§ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô§ä??§Õ
? ==, <, >, !, #,$,@,&,{,}, [,], ¡°,¡¯ ? §¤§ï§ç
§Þ§ï§ä §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Û §ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô§ä??§Õ
? §¯??§è §Ò§å§ð§å §ä?§Ý§ç??§â ?§Ô??§Õ
- 15. ?§Ô?§Ô§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Õ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ñ§â§Ô§Ñ
? §·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§Ú§Ô§Õ§ï§ç??§ß:
§·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é ¨C §±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ç
§ñ§Ó§è§Ñ§Õ §å§ä§Ô§Ñ§Ñ ??§â§é§Ú§Ý§Õ?§Ô
?§Ô?§Ô§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§â§ê§Ú§Ý §ð§Þ. (§³§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç
§à§Û §Õ§Ñ§ç§î)
? §´§à§Ô§ä§Þ§à§Ý §ç§ï§Þ§Ø§Ú§Ô§Õ§ï§ç??§ß:
§±§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§ç §ñ§Ó§è§Ñ§Õ §å§ä§Ô§Ñ §ß§î
??§â§é§Ý?§Ô§Õ§Õ?§Ô§Ô?§Û ?§Ô?§Ô§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß
§Ò§Ñ§Û§â§ê§Ú§Ý §ð§Þ. (§³§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §à§Û §Õ§Ñ§ç§î)
- 16. §¬§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Û§ß §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §à§Û
? §¬§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä §ç§Ú§Û§Ø
§Ò§Ñ§Û§ç§Õ§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Ñ§â §Ò§Ú§Û
§Ò§à§Ý§ã§à§ß §Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ï§Ý§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô §ç§Ñ§Õ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç§Õ§Ñ§Ñ
§ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§ã§Ñ§â§Ô?§Û-§ç§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§ä §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §à§Û
(RAM ¨C Random-Access-Memory)
§ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Õ§ï§Ô. RAM-§Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î
§Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â §Õ§à§ä§à§â §ã§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß
§Ú§ß§ä§Ö§Ô§â§Ñ§Ý-§ã§ç§Ö§Þ §Ò?§ç§Ú§Û §ä?§ç??§â?§Þ§Ø
§ð§Þ. (Chips - §ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§ã). RAM ¨C
§ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Þ§ä§Ô§Ñ§Û §à§â§é§Ú§ß §Ô§ï§Ø ?§Ù§ï§Ø
§Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.
- 17. ? §µ§é§Ú§â §ß§î §ä??§ß§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§â§Ý§å§å§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß
§Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ï§Ý§Ý??§Õ §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û§ß §ê§Ñ§Ñ§â§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ
§Ò?§â§ä §Ò§Ñ§Û§ß§Ô§Ñ §ã§à§Ý§Ú§Ô§Õ§à§ß
??§â§é§Ý?§Ô§Õ?§Ø §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô.
? §·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Þ§ä§Ô§Ñ§Û §à§â§é§Ú§ß §Ô§ï§Õ§ï§Ô §ß§î
§ß?§Ô?? §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§ã §Ñ§Ó§é ?§Ù§Ó§ï§Ý
§Ü§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â §Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§ä§ä§Ñ§Û ?§Ö§Õ
§Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ï§Ý§Ý§Ú§Û§Ô ¡°§ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ø¡± §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§Õ
§å§ß§ä§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã§ß§í §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ ¡°§Þ§ï§Õ§ï§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§ï
§Ñ§Ý§Õ§Õ§Ñ§Ô¡± §Ô§ï§ã§ï§ß §å§ä§Ô§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û.
- 18. ? §¬§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â §Ò?§â§ä §ä§à§Õ§à§â§ç§à§Û
§Ò§Ñ§Ô§ä§Ñ§Ñ§Þ§Ø §Ò?§ç§Ú§Û RAM §ã§å§å§Ý§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß
§Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô.
? RAM-§í§ß §Ò§Ñ§Ô§ä§Ñ§Ñ§Þ§Ø§Ú§Û§Ô
§Ü§Ú§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Û§ä(Kb) , §Þ§Ö§Ô§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§Û§ä(Mb) ,
§Ô§Ú§Ô§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§Û§ä(Gb) §ß§ï§Ô§Ø??§Õ§ï§ï§â §Ù§Ñ§Ñ§Ô§Õ§ã§Ñ§ß
§Ò§Ñ§Û§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.
? 1 Byte=8 bit
? 1 Kb=1024 Byte
? 1Mb=1024Kb=1024*1024Byte
? 1Gb=1024Mb=1024*1024Kb=1024*
1024*1024Byte
- 19. ? RAM §Õ§à§ä§à§â byte-§å§å§Õ §ß§î §ß§ï§Ô §ß§î
§ß?§Ô??§Ô??§ã?? §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§ã§Ñ§ß
§Ò§Ñ§Û§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý§ä§Ñ§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô §Ò?§Ô??§Õ byte
§Ò?§â §Õ§Ñ§Ó§ä§Ñ§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ç§Ô?§Û §Ô§Ñ§ß§è §ç§Ñ§ñ§Ô§ä§Ñ§Û
§Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô. §¢§Ñ§Û§ä §Ò?§â§ä §ï§ß§ï §ç§Ñ§ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§â §ß§î
§ç§Ñ§ß§Õ§Õ§Ñ§Ô §Ò?§Ô??§Õ §ç§Ñ§ñ§Ô§å§å§Õ §ß§î §ä§ï§Ô§ï§ï§ã
§ï§ç§Ý§ï§ï§Õ ?§ã?§ç §Õ§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ñ§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â
§ä§à§à§Ý§à§Ô§Õ§Õ§à§Ô. §¤§ï§ç§Õ§ï§ï §ç§Ñ§ñ§Ô§Ú§Û§Ô §³
§ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §ç?§â§Ó??§Ý§ï§Ô§é §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Ñ§â
§Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§ã§â§å§å§Ý§Õ§Ñ§Ô §å§é§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ
§Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§Ô§é§Ú§Õ §ç§Ñ§ñ§Ô §Ù§à§ç§Ú§à§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ñ§ç
§Ñ§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ñ §Ò§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ô §ê§Ñ§Ñ§â§Õ§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§Ô?§Û
§Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô.
- 20. §·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Õ
? §·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é ¨C §¬§à§Þ§á§î§ð§ä§Ö§â§Ú§Û§ß §ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §à§Û§Õ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ô§Ñ§Ñ
§ß§ï§â §Ò?§ç§Ú§Û ?§Ô?§Ô§Õ?§Ý §ç§Ñ§Õ§Ô§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §Ò§Ñ§Û§â§Ý§Ñ§Ý §ð§Þ.
? §·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§â. §³ ¨C §ç§ï§Ý§ï§ß§Õ §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§ß
§ß§ï§â ??§ã§ï§ç §ç§Ñ§ä§å§å §Õ?§â§ï§Þ §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô. ??§ß§Õ:
3. §¯§ï§â ??§ã§Ô§ï§ç§Õ§ï§ï ?§ã§ï§Ô, §è§Ú§æ§â, §Õ§à§à§Ô§å§å§â §Ù§å§â§Ñ§Ñ§ã(_)
4. §¯§ï§â §Ù§Ñ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý ?§ã§Ô§ï§ï§â §ï§ç§ï§Ý§ß§ï. §®?§ß (_) §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.
5. §¯§ï§â §Ú§Ø§Ú§Ý ?§Ô §Þ?§â§ä§Ý?? §ä§à§Þ, §Ø§Ú§Ø§Ú§Ô ?§ã§Ô§ï§ï§â
§ï§ç§ï§Ý§ã§ï§ß §Ò§à§Ý §ñ§Ý§Ô§Ñ§Ñ§ä§Ñ§Û §ß§ï§â §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.
6. §³ ¨C §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §ä?§Ý§ç??§â ?§Ô§ï§ï§â §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§Ô
§ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§Ô?§Û. §µ§é§Ú§â §ß§î §ä?§Ý§ç??§â ?§Ô §ß§î §³-
§ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §ç§ï§ã§ï§Ô §ß§î §ð§Þ
- 21. §©?§Ó §Ò§Ñ §Ò§å§â§å§å §ß§ï§â§Ú§Û§ß §Ø§Ú§ê§ï§ï
§·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§â §©?§Ó §Ò§å§â§å§å §ï§ã§ï§ç
Tsalin §©?§Ó
D54x_r45 §©?§Ó
report_jil §©?§Ó
_2009_tax §©?§Ó §ä§ï§ç§Õ§ï§ï §ä§à§ç§Ú§â§à§Þ§Ø§Ô?§Û
Had$tailan §¢§å§â§å§å
printf §¢§å§â§å§å
8probit §¢§å§â§å§å
- 22. §·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç§Ô?§Û §ä?§Ý§ç??§â ?§Ô§ã
asm, auto, bool, break, case, catch, char,
class, const, const_cast, continue, default,
delete, do, double, dynamic_cast, else,
enum, explicit, export, extern, false, float,
for, friend, goto, if, inline, int, long,
mutable, namespace, new, operator,
private, protected, public, register,
reinterpret_cast, return, short, signed,
sizeof, static, static_cast, struct, switch,
template, this, throw, true, try, typedef,
typeid, typename, union, unsigned, using,
virtual, void, volatile, wchar_t, while
- 23. §³- §ç§ï§Ý §ä§à§Þ, §Ø§Ú§Ø§Ú§Ô ?§ã§Ô§ï§ï§â §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ç§ï§Õ
§Þ§ï§Õ§â§ï§Þ§Ø§ä§ï§Û.
§¨§Ú§ê§ï§ï §ß§î: PROBIT, Probit, probit
§¯§ï§â??§Õ§ï§ï§â §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß §Ò§à§Ý §Ô§å§â§Ó§Ñ§ß ??§â
§ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é §Ò§à§Ý§ß§à.
§³ ¨C§ç§ï§Ý§ï§ï§â §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ §Ò§Ú§é§Ú§Ô§é§Ú§Õ §ç§å§Ó§î§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§â
??§ã§Ô§ï§ç§Õ§ï§ï §Ú§ç§ï§ß§ç§Õ§ï§ï §Ø§Ú§Ø§Ú§Ô ?§ã§ï§Ô §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß
§Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô.
§®?§ß §Ò?§Ô§Õ §ä§à§Þ ?§ã§Ô§ï§ï§â §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß §ß§ï§â§Ú§Û§Ô §ä§à§Ô§ä§Þ§à§Ý
§ç§ï§Þ§Ø§Ú§Ô§Õ§ï§ç??§ß§Ú§Û§Ô §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§ç§ï§Õ §Ô§à§Ý§Õ§å§å §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§ã§ï§ß
§Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô.
§·§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§â§Ú§Û§Ô 31-§ï§ï§ã §à§Ý§à§ß ?§ã§ï§Ô §à§â§ã§à§ß §å§â§ä§ä§Ñ§Û
§ß§ï§â§ï§ï§â §ß§ï§â§Ý§ï§Ø §Ò§à§Ý§à§ç §Ò§à§Ý§à§Ó§é §³-§ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û
§ç?§â§Ó??§Ý§ï§Ô§é §Ù?§Ó§ç?§ß §ï§ç§ß§Ú§Û 31 ¨C§ï§ï§â §ä§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ø §Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ñ§Ô.
§¦§â §ß§î §ç§å§Ó§î§ã§Ñ§Ô§é§Ú§Û§ß §ß§ï§â ??§ã§Ô§ï§ç§Õ§ï§ï §ä§å§ç§Ñ§Û§ß ?§Ô?§Ô§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß
§Ñ§Ô§å§å§Ý§Ô§í§Ô §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ß §Ò§Ñ§Û§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ç§ï§â§ï§Ô§Ý§ï§Ô§é§Ú§Õ§ï§Õ
§à§Û§Ý§Ô§à§Þ§Ø§ä§à§Û §Ò§Ñ§Û§Õ§Ñ§Ô. §¨§ß§î: tsalin, tax, orlogo,
nemegdel §Ô§ï§ç §Þ§ï§ä
![§³ §ç§ï§Ý§ß§Ú§Û §ï§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ä??§Õ
? §³ §ç§ï§Ý §ß§î §Ö§â§Ú§Û§ß §ç§ï§Ý§ä§ï§Û §Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ§Ñ§â ?§ã§ï§Ô,
§è§Ú§æ§â, §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Û §ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô, ?§Û§Ý§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß
§ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô§ä, ?§Ô §ç§ï§Ý§Ý§ï§Ô??§Õ§ï§ï§ã §Ò?§â§Õ§Õ§ï§Ô.
??§ß§Õ:
? Aa ¨C Z z ?§ã§Ô??§Õ
? 0 ¨C 9 §è§Ú§æ§â??§Õ
? +, -, *, /, ++, --, % §Ù§ï§â§ï§Ô ?§Û§Ý§Õ§Ý§Ú§Û§ß
§ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô§ä??§Õ
? ==, <, >, !, #,$,@,&,{,}, [,], ¡°,¡¯ ? §¤§ï§ç
§Þ§ï§ä §ä§å§ã§Ô§Ñ§Û §ä§ï§Þ§Õ§ï§Ô§ä??§Õ
? §¯??§è §Ò§å§ð§å §ä?§Ý§ç??§â ?§Ô??§Õ](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/random-120523090150-phpapp02/85/-13-320.jpg)
