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东京湾の海洋汚染
  ~ 都市におけるタバコのポイ捨て~



環境パート 6月    问题提起
目次
●前回の復习

●タバコの河川への流入経路

●ポイ捨て禁止条例

●ニコチンの有毒性

●政策提言にむけて


                2
前回の復习




             図 海洋ゴミの起源
   参照:http://www.jean.jp/activity/result.html
                                                3
前回の復习
    海洋ゴミの中でも”タバコ”に着目

                     品目別では
                         タバコが一番多い




                         図  海洋ゴミの構成比
                  参照:http://www.jean.jp/activity/result.html
4
问题提起
河川への流入経路




7     出典:丑迟迟辫://飞飞飞.迟丑谤.尘濒颈迟.驳辞.箩辫/测补尘补驳补迟补/谤颈惫别谤/别苍肠/驳别苍谤别/04-谤颈蝉耻/谤颈蝉耻02-1.丑迟尘濒
経路から見る問題点




(1)ポイ捨てによる流入の防止問題
(2)ニコチンによる浄化センター内での問題


8
(1)东京都による
    ポイ捨て禁止条例はあるの?


      東京都が制定する
      タバコのポイ捨て禁止条例は
      無い!




9
罰金刑が明記されている
 ポイ捨て禁止条例がある市区

         目黒区のみ

    『目黒区ポイ捨てなどのないまちを
                 みんなでつくる条例』

     違反者には三万円の罰金刑が課せられる

10
过料徴収を明记してる
     ポイ捨て禁止条例がある市区
       千代田区              品川区

                               板橋区
                   大田区
      練馬区
                         足立区
             府中市                八王子市


      1000~2000円の過料が課せられる
            過料:職員がその場で罰金を徴収する
            (刑罰ではないのが罰金刑との違い)
11
12   出典:丑迟迟辫://飞飞飞.肠颈迟测.肠丑颈测辞诲补.濒驳.箩辫/蝉别谤惫颈肠别/00068/诲0006885.丑迟尘濒
努力義務のみの
 ポイ捨て禁止条例がある市区
           中野区      新宿区
                             中央区

     台東区
                       立川市
             世田谷区
                                文京区

      港区         渋谷区      江東区



 禁止する条例が存在するのみで具体的な罰金?過料などはない

13
参照:中央区丑迟迟辫://飞飞飞.肠颈迟测.肠丑耻辞.濒驳.箩辫/办耻谤补蝉颈/办补苍办测辞/尘补迟颈苍辞办补苍办测辞/补谤耻办颈迟补产补办辞锄测辞谤别颈/丑别谤颈尘补蝉颈迟补/颈苍诲别虫.
     html
14
東京都市区における
ポイ捨て禁止条例の割合




     (笔者作成)
東京都における
 ポイ捨て禁止条例の問題
(1)东京都による条例がない

(2)全ての区で徹底されて行われていない
→港区?渋谷区?江東区などではマナー向上運動として扱っている

総務省(2004)
「区によっては条例はあるが徹底されてないため
そこまで効果があがっていないのが現状。」

(3)市の方では条例自体がない市が大半


       都、区、市、三方面でのポイ捨て条例を
          徹底化すべきではないか?       16
河川への流入问题:(2)浄化センター


     ●側溝に詰まっているタバコが多く存在



     東京湾に流入する前に有害物質の浄水が必要



      しかし、タバコに含まれる
           ”ニコチン”は浄水が困難
17
ニコチン問題点

1 水に溶けることで毒性が増す(水溶性)

2 化学物質が処理場で分解されない

3 処理場において微生物の働きを阻害する




18
ニコチンの毒性
 (1)有害性
 ニコチン含有量
                ニコチンの致死量
 (紙巻きタバコ1本)
 10~20mg         成人:40~60mg
 →乳児の致死量に匹敵     乳幼児:10~20mg

 (2)水溶性:常温では液体
 気体のニコチンよりも水溶化したニコチンが有害性が高い


        タバコを温水に1時間浸潤
       含有ニコチン量の70%が溶出
19
浄化センターにおける処理




     有機物は分解され処理される
     が、化学物質は河川へ排出され                             PRTR制度
     る
20           http://www.city.hachioji.tokyo.jp/seikatsu/528/547/001826.html
ニコチンによる浄化の阻害

     ニコチンはほぼ全ての生物に対して毒性をもつ
      →昔から殺虫剤として使用されてきた

      


         処理場の微生物にも同様の働きをし、
           有機物の分解を阻害している
22
タバコと有害物質が     
東京湾に流入
雨天时の东京湾水质汚染




          雨天時では水質汚染が高い
           出典:東京都環境公社 
           http://www.tokyokankyo.jp/kankyoken_contents/research-
15   24    meeting/h18-01/1807-tokyobay.pdf
雨天时の笔笔颁笔sの浓度

                                                   高い
                        平均




出典:土木研究資料 http://www.db.pwri.go.jp/pdf/D6301.pdf
                                                    ニコチン
          雨天時ではニコチン濃度が高い
         →水質汚染はニコチンが大きく影響
                                                        25
政策提言に向けて
政策提言に向けて
 <问题提起1>
 ポイ捨ての規制が都内で一貫していない
 →都、区、市全体で実際的な規制を作り、
  東京都全域で行うべきではないか?

 <问题提起2>
 有害物質が処理されずに排出されている
 →ニコチンを分解できる設備を処理場に導入?

27
参考文献
 ●http://www.city.chiyoda.lg.jp/service/00068/d0006885.
 html

 ●http://www2.toyo.ac.jp/~yamaya/hokokitsuen0510.pdf

 ●http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/路上喫煙禁止条例

 ●http://www.city.chiyoda.lg.jp/service/00068/d0006885.
 html



28
终わり
質問用テンプレ
Q.東京湾の具体的被害はどうなってるの?
A.具体的なデータはない。(面汚染源)
 しかし、有害性は示されている。
东京湾の海洋汚染
              廃棄物被害の多くはタバコ
              廃棄物被害は未改善




    出典:『 環境白書平成18年度版 』2006)
                              5
埼玉、神奈川、千葉三県
のポイ捨て条例
   過料あり         努力義務あり

 市川市    松戸市   鎌倉市     横須賀
 佐倉市    千葉市            市
              相模原     熊谷市
 船橋市   我孫子市    市
 印西市   さいたま   所沢市     川崎市
         市
 川越市    横浜市
              主に主要都市のみで実施されている。
                県で条例があるのは神奈川県
3,フィルター

現在のタバコのフィルターは
水に溶けにくく何年も残ってしまう。




→水に溶けるフィルターが開発された。
(参照:http://www.j-tokkyo.com/1998/A24D/JP10262638.shtml)

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环境パート 6月 问题提起