海马的秘密

Feb 14, 2008Download as PPT, PDF0 likes1,330 views

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海馬身體的構造海馬魚體粗側扁，完全包於骨環中，軀幹部由 10~12 节骨环组成；尾部细长呈四稜形，尾端细尖，能捲曲握；头部弯曲，顶部具突出冠，冠端具小棘；吻呈管状，鳃孔小，背鰭位於躯干及尾部之间，臀鰭短小，胸鰭发达，无尾鰭，雄鱼尾部腹侧具有育儿囊。

海馬分布範圍生活於南緯 45 度至北緯 45 度一帶的溫帶和熱帶淺水域中的海草、紅樹林和珊瑚礁內。地理範圍雖廣，但他們只是疏落而狹長地分佈於沿岸水域，大多數品種主要在大西洋西部印度支太平洋地區出沒

海馬的食物及進食方式海馬沒有胃部或牙齒，進食時利用管狀嘴部，把獵物吸進體內，再穿過消化系統。海馬吃活著和移動的食物。牠們會用長嘴把食物吸進。牠們的食物絕大部份甲殼類動物，偶爾也會吃魚苗和無脊椎動物。

海马爸爸的育儿袋雄海馬在腹部有個袋子做育兒囊，原來是身體的皮褶，雌魚就是將卵產在這個袋子裡的。雌海馬就把兩公釐長的輸卵管插入雄海馬的袋子裡，卵就這樣經過輸卵管送到雄海馬的育兒囊中。卵的數量因種類而不同，有的生下 10 個左右，有的則高達 200 個左右。

海馬寶寶出生過程產卵經過兩至三星期，到小海馬即將孵化出來之時，雄海馬會將尾巴纏繞在海藻上，左右抽動肚子，不停地彎曲身體，盡量把腹部彎曲成ㄑ字型。從育兒囊出來的小海馬身體雖然很小，但已經能自己自由游泳，所以嚴格說起來，海馬的育兒方式是把雄海馬的身體當作保護卵的巢，讓卵隨同巢一起行動，比起在海藻或岩石上產卵要安全得多了。

海馬的天敵由於成年海馬的偽裝技術一流，而且極少移動，加上渾身都是骨板和刺毛，外貌毫不吸引，因此以獵食牠們為生的捕食者如金槍魚和旗魚等大型深海魚類吞食，其他天敵包括鰩、企鵝和其他水鳥。

海馬的禦敵海馬靠保護色來避開敵人的捕食 , 海马善於偽装。牠们跟变色龙一样，有随着环境变色的能力。当牠们发现情况危险时，不但立刻变成与四周同样的顏色，而且偽装成跟周围环境一样的东西，使敌人不易察觉。牠们有时藏匿在海藻之中，有时偽装成珊瑚的模样，这就是牠们存活的本事。

海馬的壽命海馬的天然壽命迄今依然成謎，現有數據均透過觀察飼養品種而得來。海馬的壽命由細小品種的一年至較大品種的三至五年不等。

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