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"§£ §á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§à§Ý§å§ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ". §¬ 180-§Ý§Ö§ä§Ú§ð §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ §¥§ï§Ô§Ñ
- 1. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §¿., §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü, §Ú§Þ§á§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä
- 2. §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ (1834-1917), §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü ¨C §Ú§Þ§á§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä. §®§Ö§ã§ä§à §â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ- §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø. §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§ñ.
- 3. ? §²§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ö §Ò§Ñ§ß§Ü§Ú§â§Ñ §Õ§Ö §¤§Ñ. ? §±§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ý§Ú§è§Ö§Ö §§ð§Õ§à§Ó§Ú§Ü§Ñ §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ô§à (1845- 1852) ? §ã 1853 §å§é§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §ð§â§Ú§Õ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §æ§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§Ö§ä§Ö §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ñ. ? §³ 1854 §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý §á§à§ã§Ö§ë§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§Ü§å§ð §. §§Ñ§Þ§à§ä§Ñ (§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §¿§ß§Ô§â§Ñ) ? §Ó 1855 §á§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ý §Ó §º§Ü§à§Ý§å §Ú§Ù§ñ§ë§ß§í§ç §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó.
- 4. §¿§ß§Ô§â §¨§Ñ§ß §°§Ô§ð§ã§ä, §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü ? §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Ü§Ý§à§ß§ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §¿§ß§Ô§â§à§Þ §ã §Õ§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §£ §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§à§Û §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ö §Ö§Þ§å §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ý§à§ã§î §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§î §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§ä§Ñ§â§è§Ñ, §à§ß §ß§Ñ§Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ý §Ó §á§Ñ§Þ§ñ§ä§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §à§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü §Ú §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§ð §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î ¡ª §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ó§î §Ü §ï§ß§Ô§â§à§Ó§ã§Ü§à§Û §á§Ö§Ó§å§é§Ö§Û §Ý§Ú§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ü §ñ§ã§ß§à§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§Ö.
- 5. ? §£ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö 1850-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§å§ä§Ö§ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ó §ª§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ð §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú §Ü§à§á§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§â§í§ç §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§à§Ó, §Ñ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø §á§Ú§ê§Ö§ä §â§ñ§Õ §á§à§Ý§à§ä§Ö§ß §ß§Ñ ?§Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö? ¡ª §Ó §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§à- §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Þ §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú¡ª§ä§Ö§Þ§í (?§³§á§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ó§å§ê§Ü§Ú §Ó§í§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ñ §ã§à§â§Ö§Ó§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ð§ß§à§ê§Ö§Û?, ?§³§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§Ñ§Þ§Ú§Õ§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ô§à§â§à§Õ? §Ú §Õ§â.).
- 6. §²§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §¿. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ä§Ö§Þ§í
- 7. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §¿. §¡§ê§Ú§Ý§î §¥§Ö §¤§Ñ §Ó §æ§à§â§Þ§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ä§Ñ. 1857-1859 ? §£ 1860-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ö§â§Ú§ð §á§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó, §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §¿§ß§Ô§â§Ñ §Ú §à§Õ§ß§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ú§ß§Õ§Ú§Ó§Ú§Õ§å§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§à §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§ð. §£ §ß§Ú§ç §ñ§â§Ü§à §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ö§Õ§Ü§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ú§Ó§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§Ö §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú, §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §ß§Ö§à§ä§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ñ §à§ä §ã§Ü§â§í§ä§à§Û §ä§Ö§á§Ý§à§ä§í §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §ã§ä§â§à§Ô§à§Ö §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ü§à§Ý§à§â§Ú§ä§Ñ, §å§ä§à§ß§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§ñ §è§Ó§Ö§ä§à§Ó§à§Û §ß§ð§Ñ§ß§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú.
- 8. §¿. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ. §¨§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§Ñ §ã §Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ó§Ñ§Ù§à§Û. 1872 §¿§Ü§Ù§à§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §è§Ó§Ö§ä§à§Ü §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§å§ð §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ý§Ú§è§å, §à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §ã§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §â§Ö§Ù§Ü§Ú§Þ §è§Ó§Ö§ä§à§Þ, §Ó §ä§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§ã§ñ §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ñ§ñ §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§Ö§ß§Ú. §³§á§à§Ü§à§Û§ß§à§Ö, §Ù§Ñ§Õ§å§Þ§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ö §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ý§Ú§è§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §ã §Õ§à§Ó§à§Ý§î§ß§à §Ô§â§å§Ò§à§Û §ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó§Ü§à§Û §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.
- 9. §¡§ß§Õ§â§Ú§ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ñ §ª.§¡. §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ú§ã§è§í. - §®.: §¡§³§´, 2002. - §³.405-413. ? §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §á§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Þ§å §å§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ§å §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§å §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ä§Ö§Ý§à §Ó §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú. ? §°§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ú§ç §Ö§Ô§à §ê§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ó§â§à§Ó §Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§å ?§³§Ö§Þ§î§ñ §¢§Ö§Ý§Ý§Ú?, §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §â§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ. ? §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý, §é§ä§à ?§ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ú §ä§à§ä §Ø§Ö §ã§ð§Ø§Ö§ä §á§à §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ù. §¯§Ú§é§ä§à §Ó §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §Õ§Ñ§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §ß§Ö §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à §á§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î §ß§Ñ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à§ã§ä§î¡?
- 10. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ß§Ö §Õ§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ §Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ, §Ó §Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ, §ß§Ñ§á§à§Ý§ß§Ú§Ý §ã§Ö§Þ§Ö§Û§ß§í§Û §á§à§â§ä§â§Ö§ä §Õ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ: §à§ß §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ý §á§Ñ§â§å, §Ú§Ù§â§ñ§Õ§ß§à §å§ä§à§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §Õ§â§å§Ô §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ñ. §ª§ç §á§à§Ù§í §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§å§ê§Ö§Ó§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§å§á§â§å§Ô§à§Ó.
- 11. §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ú§Ö §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §¡§Ó§ä§à§â§í-§ã§à§ã§ä. §¢§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Ó §±.§³., §¢§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ñ §¤.§¢.- §®.: §®§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß,2001.- §³.100-103.
- 12. ? §§Ö§Ô§Ü§à§Ö, §á§â§à§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§å§ä§à§Ö §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ó§î§ð §Ü §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §á§à§Ý§ß§Ñ §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ú§ã§î §Ú§Þ§á§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â§Ñ §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ, §è§Ñ§â§Ú§ä §Ú §Ó §ï§ä§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§Ö. §©§Õ§Ö§ã§î §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§å§ð §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä §è§Ó§Ö§ä§í. §¥§Ö§Ý§à §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §ã§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§Ñ§ä§ð§â§Þ§à§â§ä, §ß§à §á§à§ä§à§Þ §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Õ§à§Ò§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §æ§Ú§Ô§å§â§å. ?§¨§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§Ñ §å §Ó§Ñ§Ù§í §ã §è§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú?. 1858, 1865
- 13. ? §£ §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Þ §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §á§à§ã§ä§Ú§é§î §Ú§ß§ä§Ú§Þ§ß§í§Ö §ä§Ñ§Û§ß§í §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý §à§Õ§ß§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ä§â§Ö§Ù§Ó§í§Þ §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ú §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ú§Ü§à§Þ, §å§Þ§Ö§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ ?§Ù§Ñ§Ó§à§â§à§Ø§Ú§ä§î §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§å?. ? §°§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §ß§Ñ§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§ß§à §ï§ä§à §Ó §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§ñ§ç, §Ô§Õ§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ü§å§Ý§Ú§ã§ß§í§Ö ?§ä§â§å§Õ§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ò§å§Õ§ß§Ú? §ä§Ö§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ §ã§à§ã§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ä §ã §Ó§à§Ý§ê§Ö§Ò§ß§à§Û §æ§Ö§Ö§â§Ú§Ö§Û, §á§â§à§Ú§ã§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ö§Û §ß§Ñ §ã§è§Ö§ß§Ö. ?§¢§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §ê§Ü§à§Ý§Ñ?. 1877 ?§©§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ñ?. 1876-1877
- 14. §£§ã§ñ §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §¨§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ú§ã§î, §Ñ§â§ç§Ú§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§å§â§Ñ, §ã§Ü§å§Ý§î§á§ä§å§â§Ñ, §Õ§Ö§Ü§à§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ö §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§à. ¨C §®.: §¡§ã§ä§â§Ö§Ý§î, 2008.- §³.266. ? §¿. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ó 1872 §Ô. §Ó§à§ê§Ö§Ý §Ó §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §Ú§Þ§á§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§à§Ó, §ã§â§Ö§Õ§Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §à§ß §Ó§í§Õ§Ö§Ý§ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ §Ú §à§ä§ä§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§Þ §â§Ú§ã§å§ß§Ü§Ñ, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ã§ð§Ø§Ö§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú: §Ü§â§å§Ô §Ö§Ô§à §ä§Ö§Þ ¨C §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§â§Ú§ß§í, §Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ã§ä§í §å§Ó§Ö§ã§Ö§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ù§Ñ§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §ã§Ü§Ñ§é§Ü§Ú. §¡§Ò§ã§Ö§ß§ä. 1876
- 15. ? §¿§Ý§Ý§Ö§ß §¡§ß§Õ§â§Ö- §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§Ü§ä§â§Ú§ã§Ñ §Ú §ß§Ñ§ä§å§â§ë§Ú§è§Ñ. ? §®§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß §¥§Ö§Ò§å§ä§Ö§ß- §æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü. ? §¿§ä§à §à§ß§Ú §á§à§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§í §¿. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ ?§¡§Ò§ã§Ö§ß§ä? §Ó §Ü§Ñ§æ§Ö ?§¯§à§Ó§í§Ö §¡§æ§Ú§ß§í?.
- 16. ? §±§à§Ý§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ö§Ú§Ù§ì§ñ§ã§ß§Ú§Þ§à§Ô§à §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §à§é§Ñ§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ö§Ô§à ?§¤§à§Ý§å§Ò§í§Ö §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è§í? §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ó 1897 §Ô§à§Õ§å. §¿§ä§à§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ò§í §Ý§å§é§à§Þ §á§â§à§Ø§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ñ §Ó§í§ç§Ó§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ú§Ù §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§â§Ú§ß §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ß§Ö §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Ô§à §¿. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ, §ß§à §Ú §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. ? §£ §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã, §á§à§é§Ö§Þ§å §à§ß §ä§Ñ§Ü §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ü §ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä§Ñ, §à§ß §ß§Ö§à§ç§à§ä§ß§à §à§ä§Ü§Ý§Ú§Ü§ß§å§Ý§ã§ñ: ?§®§Ö§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ú§ã§è§Ö§Þ §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è; §ß§Ö §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ð§ä, §é§ä§à §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è§í §á§à§ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§Ý§Ú §Þ§ß§Ö §Ý§Ú§ê§î §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ô§à§Þ §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§â§Ñ§ã§Ú§Ó§í§Ö §ä§Ü§Ñ§ß§Ú §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ?. ?§¤§à§Ý§å§Ò§í§Ö §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è§í?. 1897.
- 17. §²§Ñ§Ù§Ó§à§â§à§ä§í §á§ä§Ú§é§î§Ú. §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â§å §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ. ? §£§í§á§à§â§ç§ß§å§Ý§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Û§Ü§Ñ §À§ß§í§ç §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§â§Ú§ß, §²§à§Ù§à§Ó§í§Ö §é§Ñ§Û§Ü§Ú - §£§Ö§ä§â§í §á§Ö§Ý§Ö§â§Ú§ß. §±§Ö§â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ó§í §ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Û §£ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ø§Ú§ä§í§Û §Õ§Ö§ß§î - §³§à§Ý§ß§Ö§é§ß§í§ç §Ú§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Û §´§×§á§Ý§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§â§Ö§ß§î. §£ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ö §á§à§Õ§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ú §²§Ñ§Ù§Ó§à§â§à§ä§í §á§ä§Ú§é§î§Ú, §±§â§à§Ý§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ý§Ú §±§à §â§å§Ü§Ñ§Þ §Õ§Ö§Ó§Ú§é§î§Ú§Þ. §³§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ã§Ú§Ý §Ó §á§à§Ý§×§ä§Ö, §³§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ð§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§ã§ß§Ú! §¹§ä§à §Þ§Ö§ß§ñ §Ù§à§Ó§×§ä§Ö? §Á §ß§Ö §Ó§Ñ§ê §Ü§å§Õ§Ö§ã§ß§Ú§Ü. §¡. §¢§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ó
- 18. §¬§å§Õ§â§Ú§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ §³. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä //§®§å§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î.-1990.- ¡í13.- §³.26-28. ? §¢§Ö§Ù§å§Ü§à§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ §Ú §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§à, §ð§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ú §à§ä§ä§à§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §æ§Ú§Ý§Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §â§Ú§ã§å§ß§à§Ü §ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ñ, §ß§Ö§á§â§Ú§ß§å§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î, §ã§Ó§à§Ò§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ü§â§Ñ§ã§à§ä§Ñ ¨C §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä §Ü§â§à§á§à§ä§Ý§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ú §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ú§Ù§ß§å§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ. §¿§ä§Ñ §Þ§í§ã§Ý§î §Ý§Ö§Û§ä§Þ§à§ä§Ú§Ó§à§Þ §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Ó§ã§Ö §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§í§Ö §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ. ?§¢§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§í§Û §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã?. 1881
- 19. ?§´§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§ß§í? §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ // §À§ß§í§Û §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü.- 1991.- ¡í12.- §³.37-40. ? §°§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä§Ñ §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü §á§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ö§ë§Ö §Ó 70-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ú §Õ§à §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§ç §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Õ§ß§Ö§Û §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó§Ö§â§Ö§ß §ï§ä§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ý§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ð. ? §¥§Ñ§Ø§Ö §ä§Ñ§Þ, §Ô§Õ§Ö §å §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à §Ý§Ú§ê§î §Õ§Ó§Ö §Ú§Ý§Ú §à§Õ§ß§Ñ §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è§Ñ, §Þ§í §Ó§í§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ §è§Ö§Ý§à§Ö, §Þ§í §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§Þ §Ó§ã§Ö §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§Ö §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä§Ñ¡
- 20. §´§Ñ§Ü §Ù§Ñ§á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ö§Ý §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§â§Ú§ß §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §â§Ö§á§Ö§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Ú §Ó §°§á§Ö§â§Ö §ß§Ñ §å§Ý§Ú§è§Ö §§Ö §±§Ö§Ý§Ö§ä§î§Ö (Op¨¦ra Le Peletier) §Ó 1872 §Ô. §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ. §³§Ö§Û§é§Ñ§ã §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Þ§å§Ù§Ö§Ö §°§â§ã§Ö (Mus¨¦e d'Orsay).
- 21. ? §£ 1875 §Ô§à§Õ§å §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§å "§¬§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã §ä§Ñ§ß§è§Ñ" §°§á§Ö§â§í §Õ§Ö §±§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ä§î§Ö, §ã§Ö§Û§é§Ñ§ã §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Þ§å§Ù§Ö§Ö §°§â§ã§Ö §Ó §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø§Ö (Mus¨¦e d'Orsay).
- 22. ? ?§º§å§â§ê§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ê§Ö§Ý§Ü§Ñ, §Þ§Ö§â§è§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ò§â§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§Ñ§ß§ä§í §á§Ý§í§Ý §ä§à§ß§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§Û §Ñ§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ä §ä§à§ß§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç §Õ§å§ç§à§Ó §Ó §ä§ñ§Ø§Ö§Ý§à§Þ §Õ§í§Þ§å §Õ§à§â§à§Ô§Ú§ç §ã§Ú§Ô§Ñ§â¡ - §´§â§Ú§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §ä§í§ã§ñ§é §Ô§à§ã§á§à§Õ§Ñ. §¬§ä§à §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö? - §º§Ö§ã§ä§î§ã§à§ä §ä§í§ã§ñ§é¡ §²§Ñ§Ù¡ §º§Ö§ã§ä§î§ã§à§ä §ä§í§ã§ñ§é¡ §¥§Ó§Ñ¡ §´§â§Ú. ?§´§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è§í §å §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ú§ß§í? §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§ß§í. §±§â§à§ê§å §â§Ñ§ã§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ ¨C §Ñ§å§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§é§Ö§ß.§¡ §Ó §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Þ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö §ß§Ö§â§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ, §Ù§Ñ§Ò§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ã§î §Ó §å§Ô§à§Ý, §ã§Ô§à§â§Ò§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ã§î, §ã§Ú§Õ§Ú§ä §ã§ä§Ñ§â§Ú§Ü §Ó §ã§ä§Ñ§â§à§Þ §Ú§Ù§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à§Þ §á§Ñ§Ý§î§ä§à. §°§ß §ã§Ú§Õ§Ú§ä §ß§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§ß§à, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§Ý§Ö§á§à§Û §¤§à§Þ§Ö§â §ã §á§å§ã§ä§í§Þ§Ú §Ô§Ý§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ú¡ §ª §ê§Ö§á§à§ä §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ó§Ö§ä§Ö§â §á§à §Ù§Ñ§Ý§å: ?§³§Ñ§Þ §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ù§Õ§Ö§ã§î, §ã§Ñ§Þ §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ¡?. §ª §Ó§à§ä §Ü §ß§Ö§Þ§å §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä, §å§Ý§í§Ò§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Ù§Õ§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä. §´§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §å§ã§á§Ö§ç. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ö§ß§î§Ô§Ú¡ §°§ß §é§å§ä§î §å§Ý§í§Ò§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§Ö§Õ§à§Û §Ô§à§Ý§à§Ó§à§Û:?§©§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§Ó§ß§à, §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§í §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §ñ §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý §á§à §ä§â§Ú§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §æ§â§Ñ§ß§Ü§à§Ó¡ §¡§ç, §Ô§à§ã§á§à§Õ§Ñ, §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§î§ä§Ö, §ñ §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ý§à§ê§Ñ§Õ§î. §Á §Ó§í§Ú§Ô§â§í§Ó§Ñ§ð ?§¤§â§Ñ§ß-§á§â§Ú?, §ß§à §Õ§à§Ó§à§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ã§î §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §á§à§â§è§Ú§Ö§Û §à§Ó§ã§Ñ¡?
- 23. §ª§Ý§î§Ú§ß§Ñ §´.§£. §ª§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§ñ §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó. §©§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§à: §µ§é§Ö§Ò.- §®.: §£§í§ã§ê. §ê§Ü., 1993.- §³.272-274. ? §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ý§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ñ§ä§î §Ý§ð§Õ§Ö§Û, §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß, §ß§à §ß§Ö §á§à§Ù§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Û §á§à§Ù§Ö, §Ñ §ã§Ý§à§Ó§ß§à §Ò§í §Ù§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ô§ß§å§ä§í§ç §Ó§â§Ñ§ã§á§Ý§à§ç §Ù§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ù§Ñ§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ó §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §ß§Ú§ç §á§à§Ù§Ñ§ç, §ã §á§â§Ú§ã§å§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ú§Þ §Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú. ? §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §ã§ç§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ú§ä§î §Ú §Ù§Ñ§á§à§Þ§ß§Ú§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ §à§ã§ä§â§í§Þ ?§Ó§ß§å§ä§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ú§Þ §Ó§Ù§à§â§à§Þ? §ç§Ñ§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ö§â§ß§à§Ö. ?§®§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ñ§ñ §Ø§Ö§ß§ë§Ú§ß§Ñ §Ú §Ú§Ò§Ú§ã§í?. 1857§Ô
- 24. §ª§Þ§á§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ. §±§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ñ §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó. §£§à§ã§á§à§Þ§Ú§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §¥§ð§â§Ñ§ß-§²§ð§ï§Ý§ñ. §¥§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í.- §.: §ª§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§à, 1969.- §³.38-47. ? §£ 1862 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ç §§å§Ó§â§Ñ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§ê§Ý§à §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§ã§ä§Ó§à §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §ã §¿§Õ§å§Ñ§â§Õ§à§Þ §®§Ñ§ß§Ö, §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ó§ê§Ö§Ö §Ó§ã§ð §Ö§Ô§à §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î. §¹§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §ß§Ö§Ô§à §à§ß §Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ú§Þ§á§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú - §®§à§ß§Ö §Ú §²§Ö§ß§å§Ñ§â§à§Þ. §³§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã §Ú§Þ§á§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§à §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§à §ß§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ï§ä§Ñ§á§Ñ §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ. ? §³ §ß§Ú§Þ§Ú §Ö§Ô§à §ã§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ñ§Ý§à §Ø§Ö§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§ä§à§Û§ä§Ú §à§ä §Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §ê§Ñ§Ò§Ý§à§ß§à§Ó, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü §ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú, §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Õ§Ú§Ó§à§Ö §Ú§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ô§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú. §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ. ?§´§Ñ§Ù? (§£§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ). 1886 §Ô.
- 25. §ª§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§à. §¨§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ú§ã§î, §³§Ü§å§Ý§î§á§ä§å§â§Ñ. §¡§â§ç§Ú§ä§Ö§Ü§ä§å§â§Ñ. §¤§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §¬§ß. §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§é§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ. §£ 3 §é. §¹. 2. §ª§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§à §©§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Û §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í XVII-XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§à§Ó.- §®.: §±§â§à§ã§Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, 188.- §³.216-226. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §ã§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ§á§Ö§é§Ñ§ä§Ý§Ö§ä§î §ã§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ö§Þ§å §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø §Ó §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§à §Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §Ó§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ç §Ú §Ñ§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ§ç. §£§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ú§ã§è§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§ñ §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Õ§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú§é§ß§à§Û §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§â§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ü§Ú§ß§à§Ü§Ñ§Õ§â§Ñ, §Ö§Û §ã§Ó§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í §ß§Ö§à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §â§Ñ§Ü§å§â§ã§í, §ã§à§é§Ö§ä§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ø§å§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §ã§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Û§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §ã §ä§à§é§ß§í§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§é§Ö§ä§à§Þ. ?§±§Ý§à§ë§Ñ§Õ§î §³§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§Ú§ñ?. 1875
- 26. §¬§à§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ú§é §¡.§¤. §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§à§Ö §Ú§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§à XIX- XX §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §Ó §¿§â§Þ§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö. §°§é§Ö§â§Ü-§á§å§ä§Ö§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î.- §.: §ª§ã§Ü§å§ã§ã§ä§Ó§à,1984.-§³.110-122. ? §³§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§î §â§Ú§ã§å§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§Ý§à §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Ü §ä§à§Þ§å, §é§ä§à §á§à§ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§ß§à §à§ß §á§à§é§ä§Ú §à§ä§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §à§ä §Þ§Ñ§ã§Ý§ñ§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ú§ã§Ú, §ã§à§ã§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§à§é§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§ã§î §ß§Ñ §á§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú (§Ó §¿§â§Þ§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ø§Ö §à§ß §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §ï§ä§à§Û §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§Ü§Ö). ? §±§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§Ö§Ý§Ñ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §Ö§Ô§à §á§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ, §ï§ä§à §ß§Ö §á§â§à§ã§ä§à §Ù§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ü§ã§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§ß§à§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §â§å§Ü, §ß§à§Ô, §Ü§à§â§á§å§ã§Ñ, §ï§ä§à §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§â§à§é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§Ö §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§Ý§Ñ.
- 27. §¥§å§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ §°. §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ // §À§ß§í§Û §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü.- 1984.-¡í10.- §³.12-17. ? §·§å§Õ§à§Ø§ß§Ú§Ü §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ã§ß§à§Ö §Ó §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Þ §ß§Ö§á§â§Ú§ä§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Þ, §à§Õ§å§ç§à§ä§Ó§à§â§ñ§ñ §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ö §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú. §±§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §Ý§ð§Ò§à§Ó§î§ð §Ü §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü§å, §Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§ß§í§Þ §Ô§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§à§Þ, §Ó§í§ã§à§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§Þ §ç§å§Õ§à§Ø§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã§à§Ó§Ö§â§ê§Ö§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §á§â§à§ß§Ú§Ü§ß§å§ä§à §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§à§Ö §Ö§Ô§à §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö. ?§µ §Þ§à§Õ§Ú§ã§ä§Ü§Ú?. 1882.
- 28. §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §ã§Ü§å§Ý§î§á§ä§å§â§à§Û; §Ó §æ§Ú§Ô§å§â§Ñ§ç §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ö§â§Ú§ß, §Ü§å§á§Ñ§Ý§î§ë§Ú§è, §Ý§à§ê§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Û (§é§Ñ§ã§ä§à §ï§ä§ð§Õ§ß§í§ç §á§à §Ý§Ö§á§Ü§Ö) §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§é§Ú §Þ§Ô§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §à§ã§ä§â§à§ä§í §Ú §ß§Ö§à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §á§à§Ù§í, §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ñ §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §á§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§å§ð §è§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §Ü§à§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î §æ§Ú§Ô§å§â§í. ?§®§Ñ§Ý§Ö§ß§î§Ü§Ñ§ñ §é§Ö§ä§í§â§ß§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§ñ§ñ §ä§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è§Ñ?. 1881 ?§§à§ê§Ñ§Õ§î §ã §Ø§à§Ü§Ö§Ö§Þ?. 1870-§Ö §Ô§Ô.
- 29. ? §¿§Õ§Ô§Ñ§â §¥§Ö§Ô§Ñ §ã§Ü§à§ß§é§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ 27 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1917 §Ô. §Ó §±§Ñ§â§Ú§Ø§Ö §Ó §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö 83 §Ý§Ö§ä, §Ò§å§Õ§å§é§Ú §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ §Þ§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§â§à§Þ §Ú §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§ß§í§Þ §Ø§Ú§Ó§à§á§Ú§ã§è§Ö§Þ, §á§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§å §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ó§ê§Ú§Þ§ã§ñ §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §ñ§â§é§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú§Þ§á§â§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ, §à§â§Ú§Ô§Ú§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §ä§Ó§à§â§è§à§Þ.
- 30. ? §¥§Ú§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú§Ü§Ñ §æ§â§Ñ§Ô§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §Ü§Ú§ß§à§Ü§Ñ§Õ§â§Ñ, §ª §â§Ñ§Ü§å§â§ã §ß§Ö§à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §Ñ§Ü§ä§â§Ú§ã.. §³§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Û§ä§Ö§ã§î, §£§í §á§â§Ö§Õ§ä§Ö§é§Ñ §Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ñ§â§Õ§Ñ? §¬§Ñ§Ü §ä§à§é§Ö§ß, §Ù§à§â§à§Ü §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ §Ú§Ù-§Ù§Ñ §Ü§å§Ý§Ú§ã! §³§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§Ñ §Ù§â§Ö§Ý§Ú§ë§Ö§Þ §ß§Ñ§â§ñ§Õ§ß§í§Þ §´§ñ§Ø§×§Ý§í§Û, §á§à§Ó§ã§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ó§ß§í§Û §Ô§à§â§î§Ü§Ú§Û §ä§â§å§Õ. §ª §Þ§Ñ§ã§Ý§à, §Ú §á§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Õ§Ý§ñ §£§Ñ§ã §à§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§ß§í.. §©§Ñ§ã§ä§í§Ó§ê§Ö§Ö §Þ§Ô§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ú§ß§å§ä.. §³§Ü§å§Ý§î§á§ä§å§â§í §Ú §Ü§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ß§í ¡ª §£§Ñ§ê§Ú §Õ§Ö§ä§Ú: §¡§ã§Ü§Ö§ä §Ó §Ò§í§ä§å, §â§Ñ§ã§á§å§ä§ß§Ú§Ü §Ó §â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ã§Ý§Ö. §´§Ñ§ß§è§à§Ó§ë§Ú§è§í! §°, §Õ§î§ñ§Ó§à§Ý§î§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §ã§Ö§ä§Ú.. §±§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§î§ä§Ö §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §Ú§ç §é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö! §ª §Ó§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§ð §ç§Þ§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§Õ§à§ç§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î§ñ §¯§Ñ§ã§í§ä§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§ã§ä§Ý§Ö§Ó§ê§Ñ§ñ §Õ§å§ê§Ñ. §§Ñ§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§Ù§Ô§Ý§ñ§Õ§í §ä§à§é§ß§à§Ö §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§î§Ö, §Á §â§ñ§Õ§à§Þ¡ §ß§Ñ§Ò§Ý§ð§Õ§Ñ§ð¡ §é§å§ä§î §Õ§í§ê§Ñ¡ §¿. §µ§ã§á§Ö§ß§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ