3. Raw or heated cow milk consumption
Review of risks and benefits
يداوفراطخوتوامخزشيزفصمزشياوگشدهرمگ
3
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Raw milk may contain a whole host of
pathogens, including :
Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus
Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella species
E. coli (EHEC) (ETEC)
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Brucella species (abortus –cattle) (melitensis- goats)
Coxiella burnetii
Yersinia enterocolitica
This listing is not meant to be exhaustive.
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Campylobacter spp - Salmonella spp – E. coli
The significance of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus in
terms of outbreaks due to raw cow milk consumption is
very low.
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E. Coli 0157:H7
Symptoms include:
◦ Bloody diarrhea, severe abdominal cramps, vomiting
Potentially fatal
Sensitive to heat
◦ Killed by cooking and proper pasteurization
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Symptoms include:
◦ Mild enteritis or severe enterocolitis, nausea, abdominal
cramps, bloody diarrhea
Sensitive to heat, oxygen, drying, and acidic pH
Killed with normal pasteurization
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Found in:
◦ Soil, manure, unpasteurized raw milk
Symptoms include:
◦ Meningitis, infectious abortion,…
◦ Can cause stillbirths or deaths of infants
Sensitive to heat / pasteurization
Listeria monocytogenes
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Thermization: (57-68 C/15-20 s(
Pasteurization: (e.g. 71-74 C/15 -40 s for “high temperature short time” or
HTST pasteurization) Pasteurization neither destroys the heat-resistant spores of C.
botulinum nor of B. cereus.
Sterilization: (110-120 C/10-20 min)
UHT: (135-140 C/6-10 s for indirect and 140-150 C/2-4 s for direct UHT)
ISI: (150-200 C/ < 0.1 s)
Toxins of S. aureus and of C. botulinum, and the enterotoxins of B. cereus are
destroyed as well. The emetic toxin of B. cereus is very heat resistant, but has
never been shown to be present in raw milk.
انواععملياتحرارتيشير
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Concerning milk fat
animal (genetics, stage of lactation, ruminal fermentations, udder infections)
feed (grain, energy and dietary protein intake, seasonal and regional effects)
related factors account for variations in the amount and fatty acid composition.