8. KOKUBO AND IDA
FIG. 4. Time evolution of the maximum mass (solid curve) and the mean
mass (dashed curve) of the system.
thanthisrangearenotstatisticallyvalidsinceeachmassbinoften
has only a few bodies. First, the distribution tends to relax to a
暴走的成長の様子
平均値
最大の天体
微惑星の暴走的成長
?→ 原始惑星が誕生する
20 KOKUBO AND IDA
FIG. 3. Snapshots of a planetesimal system on the a–e plane. The circles
represent planetesimals and their radii are proportional to the radii of planetesi-
mals. The system initially consists of 3000 equal-mass (1023 g) planetesimals.
FIG. 4. Time evolution of the maximum mass (solid curve) and the mean
mass (dashed curve) of the system.
thanthisrangearenotstatisticallyvalidsinceeachmassbinoften
has only a few bodies. First, the distribution tends to relax to a
decreasing function of mass through dynamical friction among
(energy equipartition of) bodies (t = 50,000, 100,000 years).
Second, the distributions tend to ?atten (t = 200,000 years). This
is because as a runaway body grows, the system is mainly heated
by the runaway body (Ida and Makino 1993). In this case, the
eccentricity and inclination of planetesimals are scaled by the
軌道長半径 [AU]
軌道離心率
質量[1023g]
時間
[Kokubo & Ida, 2000]
10. ジャイアントインパクト
軌道長半径 [AU]
軌道離心率
planets is hnM i ’ 2:0 ? 0:6, which means that the typical result-
ing system consists of two Earth-sized planets and a smaller
planet. In this model, we obtain hnai ’ 1:8 ? 0:7. In other words,
one or two planets tend to form outside the initial distribution of
protoplanets. In most runs, these planets are smaller scattered
planets. Thus we obtain a high ef?ciency of h fai ? 0:79 ? 0:15.
The accretion timescale is hTacci ? 1:05 ? 0:58? ? ; 108
yr. These
results are consistent with Agnor et al. (1999), whose initial con-
Fig. 2.—Snapshots of the system on the a-e (left) and a-i (right) planes at t ? 0, 1
are proportional to the physical sizes of the planets.
KOKUBO, KOMIN1134
長い時間をかけて原始惑星同士の軌道が乱れる
?→ 互いに衝突?合体してより大きな天体に成長
[Kokubo & Ida, 2006]
(c) Hidenori Genda