Nutrient deficiencyMallikarjun PatilThis document summarizes the symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in plants. It describes the visual symptoms caused by deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, boron, including chlorosis, necrosis, stunting, and effects on fruits. The symptoms provided a way to identify which nutrient a plant may be lacking by the pattern and location of discoloration and damage visible on its leaves, stems, and fruits.
Insecticide definition ,types and classification .Ankit Sharda This document defines insecticides and classifies them in several ways. It begins by defining insecticides as substances used to kill insects and notes they are toxic to humans. It then describes two main types: systemic insecticides, which can be absorbed by plants and spread throughout their tissues, and contact insecticides, which only affect areas they physically contact. The document further classifies insecticides based on their chemical composition, mode of entry into insects, mode of action, toxicity levels, and which insect life stages they target (such as eggs, larvae, pupae, or adults).
Tomato production technologyAnanda Murthy H CThis document provides information about the production technology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical classification of tomatoes, describing their origin in Peru and Mexico. It then covers tomato cultivation methods such as variety selection, climate needs, seed treatment, nursery preparation, and seasonal planting times. The document also discusses the nutritional value of tomatoes and lists some popular varieties grown in India. In summary, the document outlines the botanical background and production practices for cultivating tomatoes as a vegetable crop.
1. Diseases of rice N.H. Shankar Reddy This document summarizes 15 important diseases that affect rice, including their causal organisms, symptoms, modes of spread, survival methods, and management strategies. The major fungal diseases discussed are blast, brown spot, sheath blight, sheath rot, and stem rot. The major bacterial diseases are bacterial leaf blight and bacterial leaf streak. Viral diseases covered include tungro, grassy stunt, rice dwarf, and yellow dwarf. Other diseases summarized are false smut, udbatta disease, grain discoloration, and rice khaira deficiency. For each disease, the summary provides key details about identification and control.
Aquaponics - Combined Fish and Vegetable FarmingApparao ChodisettiThe document discusses aquaponics, which integrates fish farming with plant cultivation in a recirculating system, using fish waste as nutrients for plants while purifying water for the fish. It highlights various aquaponics systems such as gravel bed culture, deep water culture, and nutrient film technique, emphasizing their benefits in addressing food shortages and environmental issues. Additionally, experimental results showcase the advantages of aquaponics in terms of yield, sustainability, and water efficiency compared to traditional agriculture.
Soil testingvigyanashramThis document emphasizes the importance of soil health and the necessity of soil testing for effective crop cultivation. It outlines the process of soil sampling, the identification of essential nutrients, and guides on testing for pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic carbon content. Additionally, it provides recommendations on adjusting fertilizer usage based on soil nutrient levels and includes contact information for a testing lab.
Common pest and disease of gardenMauryaChandaThis document discusses natural pest and disease management. It notes that pests and diseases are part of the natural environment and there is typically a balance, but the balance can become imbalanced if a population is not controlled. It describes various natural and preventative methods to control pests and diseases, including maintaining healthy soil and crops, using resistant varieties, rotation, and good hygiene. It also discusses specific plants that can attract beneficial insects for natural control. The document then outlines some common garden insect pests and diseases, along with natural remedies to treat them.
Soilless Farming in Vegetable CropsSandeep GunalanThe document discusses the advantages and methods of soilless farming, particularly in vegetable crops, highlighting systems like hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics. It covers the historical context, technical specifications, nutrient management, and various cultivation techniques along with case studies demonstrating the benefits and outcomes of these methods in enhancing crop yield and quality. It also emphasizes the importance of nutrient solutions, water quality, light requirements, and growing media in successful soilless agricultural practices.
Floral biology of garlic and oniontusharamoduguThe document discusses the botanical classification, morphology, and reproductive biology of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa). It highlights their respective inflorescence structures, floral biology, and pollination mechanisms, emphasizing their cross-pollination tendencies. Additionally, it covers self-pollination techniques and challenges, particularly in onion cultivation.
Pests of cotton and their managementRAKESH KUMAR MEENAThis document discusses several major pests that affect cotton crops in India, including the leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), thrips (Thrips tabaci), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), and mealy bug (Phenacoccus solani). For each pest, it describes key details like appearance, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management using cultural, biological, and chemical controls to minimize pest impacts on cotton crops.
Pest of pulsesVikash Kumar SankhalaThis document summarizes key pests that affect pulses. It describes 6 major pests, including the gram pod borer, plume moth, blue butterfly, pod fly, stem fly, and pod bug. For each pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management practices. Common symptoms of damage include holes in pods and damaged seeds. Management involves practices like ploughing after harvest, hand picking, spraying with insecticides, and using pheromone traps to monitor pest populations.
Present Status and Future Scope of Horticulture in PakistanMuhammad HannanHorticulture plays an important role in Pakistan's economy and society. It currently provides 42.3% of the country's employment. Major horticultural crops include fruits like citrus, mangoes, grapes, apples and vegetables like potatoes, onions, cabbages. It generates income and improves nutrition and health. However, there are issues like lack of infrastructure, trained workers, markets, and post-harvest losses that need to be addressed for future growth. Addressing these challenges through improved facilities, education, and policies could expand horticulture's contribution in Pakistan.
Ecology of plant parasitic nematode’s (PPN's)Francis MatuThis document provides an overview of the ecology of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). It defines key ecological concepts and describes various aspects of PPN ecology, including population ecology, community and ecosystem interactions, the soil food web, physical habitat factors, foraging patterns, niche partitioning, and the role of PPNs in ecosystem functions like primary productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling.
Leaf miner and its control mechanismSantosh pathakLeafminer is a pest that damages vegetable crops like tomatoes. Its larvae burrow into and feed on leaf tissue, leaving winding tunnels that can cause leaves to drop prematurely and reduce crop yields. The leafminer has a 2-week lifecycle with multiple generations per year. Management strategies focus on conservation biological control using natural enemies like parasitic wasps. Cultural practices like removing old crop residues and selecting resistant varieties can also help reduce infestations. Chemicals should be avoided if possible to protect natural enemies, as the pest has developed resistance to many insecticides.
diagnosis of pestArushi AroraThis document provides an overview of the types of damage caused by different pest insects and how to diagnose the specific pest based on the damage. It describes 6 main types of insect damage: chewing insects which cause ragged edges and holes in leaves; piercing-sucking insects that cause yellowing or browning; defoliators that strip plants bare; burrowers that tunnel in leaves; gall makers that cause plant tissue to swell; and wood/phloem borers that damage wooden structures. It then outlines steps to diagnose the pest, including defining the problem, looking for damage patterns, and determining if the cause is living or non-living. Finally, it details the specific damage signs caused by chewing, sucking, internal feeding
Important Mango PestsAdityaParashar32The document outlines various important pests affecting mangoes, notably the mango hopper, mealy bug, fruit fly, and several others, detailing their identification, life cycle, and management strategies. It highlights the destructive impact of the mango hopper, which feeds on tender shoots and inflorescences, leading to significant crop loss. Recommendations for management include maintaining orchard hygiene, timely insecticide applications, and the use of biological control methods.
Management of diamond back moth (plutella xylostella linn ) on cabbageRAKESH KUMAR MEENAThis document provides information on managing the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella Linn) pest that attacks cabbage crops. It discusses the moth's life cycle, damage symptoms, and integrated pest management approaches. These include cultural controls like crop rotation and use of trap crops, biological controls using parasitic wasps and fungi, and chemical controls using insecticides like chlorpyrifos and cartap hydrochloride. Resistance development in the moth is a key concern requiring alternative management strategies.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu1. The document summarizes the floral biology of mango, including its classification, inflorescence, flower structure, pollination, selfing and crossing techniques.
2. Mango flowers contain both male and hermaphrodite flowers arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Pollination is entomophilous, relying on insects like house flies.
3. Traditional techniques for selfing and crossing involve bagging panicles and manually removing stamens or brushing pollen, while caging uses insect-proof cages with grafted plants to allow natural pollination.
IMPORTANT DISEASEs Of PULSEsarnab dasThis document summarizes several important plant diseases that affect pulses and oilseeds grown in West Bengal, India. It describes 4 diseases of pulses (wilt, blight, rust, and powdery mildew), providing details on the pathogen, host plants, symptoms, and plant protection methods for each. It also outlines 4 diseases of oilseeds (white rust, leaf blight, club root, and downy mildew in mustard), along with disease, pathogen, host, symptoms and protection for each. Finally, it summarizes several other diseases in sunflower, sesame, and groundnut, including leaf blight, head rot, blight, early leafspot, providing relevant details for each.
HorsegramIIM AhmedabadHorse gram is a species of flowering plant in the legume family. It is a climbing herb with trifoliate leaves and papilionaceous flowers that produce linear pods containing 5-10 seeds. The plant has several varieties that are distinguished by differences in their fruit pods. Horse gram is drought-resistant and tolerant of poor soils, requiring warm temperatures between 20-30°C. It has a number of traditional medicinal uses for treating cough, flatulence, fever, and more, but can also cause harm if consumed by certain groups like pregnant women.
Wheat termites - Distribution ,host Range ,life cycle ,types , damage and con...Ankit Sharda The document provides detailed information about the wheat termite (Microtermes obesi), including its distribution, life cycle, and the damage it causes to crops. The termite goes through three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult, and organizes itself into a caste system of workers, soldiers, and reproductive members. It also discusses effective chemicals for termite control, such as chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid.
Fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda)PragyaBaranwalThe document discusses the recent invasion of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in India, highlighting its rapid spread from Africa, significant threat to food security, and the economic implications, with potential yield losses of up to 53% in maize. It details the pest's characteristics, management measures, and biological control strategies, emphasizing the need for effective monitoring and prevention practices to mitigate its impact. The pest's spread poses threats not only to India but also to neighboring countries, potentially affecting the food production of the entire Asian continent.
An introduction to the new generation pesticides 25 10-2013. newDilin SathyanathThe document discusses new generation pesticides from various groups including organo chlorines, carbamates, organo phosphorus, and synthetic pyrethroids. It provides the brand names, active ingredients, dosages, and target pests for many new pesticides from groups like phenyl pyrazoles, phallic acid diamides, chloro nicotynyls, and insect growth regulators. New generation fungicides and their uses are also outlined. The document compares conventional and new generation pesticide options for pests like leaf minor and epilachna beetle.
Sandalwood PPT.pptxHemashreeYSandalwood is a highly valued tree known for its fragrant oil. It is native to southern India and Southeast Asia. The oil is 4-6% of the heartwood and is used in perfumes, aromatherapy, and pharmaceuticals. Sandalwood is a hemiparasitic tree that requires a host plant. It grows best in well-drained soil in a hot, humid climate between 600-1050 meters elevation. Proper cultivation practices include selecting an appropriate host at planting, irrigation, and pest and disease management. Mature trees 30-70 years old with a girth over 40cm can be harvested for their heartwood, which is steam distilled to extract the fragrant oil.
Pumpkin Varsha GayatondeThis document provides information about pumpkins. It discusses that pumpkins are originally from America, with the scientific name Cucurbita moschata. They require warm, sunny conditions with rich, well-draining soil. Pumpkins are allopolyploid with 40 chromosomes and trailing vine-like stems. They bear large yellow flowers that are monoecious and highly cross-pollinated. Breeding methods aim to develop varieties with high yields, early fruiting, and desirable fruit characteristics. Hybrids can be produced through manual pollination or using chemicals to control male flower production.
pest of coconut.Snehal mane1. The rhinoceros beetle and red palm weevil are major pests of coconut and other palm trees. They damage growing points which can arrest growth and kill trees. Their life cycles take 10-12 months and 50-90 days respectively. Management involves removing infested material and applying insecticides.
2. The coconut black headed caterpillar feeds inside folded leaves, damaging photosynthesis. It has a 2 month life cycle during hot months. Control requires clipping leaves and spraying with insecticides or Bt.
3. Coconut eriophyid mite feeds on nuts, reducing size and quality. Management involves fertilizing, intercropping and spraying acaricides or insect growth regulators.
Diseases of oatsEpicGameThis document summarizes five main diseases that affect oats: leaf or crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata var. avenae, stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis sp. Tritici, Pyrenophora leaf blotch caused by Pyrenophora chaetomioides, Septoria blotch caused by Phaeosphaeria avenaria, and Barley yellow dwarf virus transmitted by aphids. It describes the pathogens, symptoms, and management strategies for each disease, which include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, fungicide or insecticide application, and controlling volunteer plants and weeds that can harbor the pathogens.
pests of Cashew nut .Loki HortiThis document discusses the major pests that affect cashew plants in India. It focuses on describing four major pests in detail: the tea mosquito bug, cashew stem and root borer, apple and nut borer, and thrips. For the tea mosquito bug and cashew stem and root borer, it provides information on symptoms, biology, seasonal incidence, and management strategies to control these pests. Red ants are highlighted as a potential biocontrol agent for tea mosquito bugs. The document also includes pictures to illustrate pest damage.
Floral biology of garlic and oniontusharamoduguThe document discusses the botanical classification, morphology, and reproductive biology of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa). It highlights their respective inflorescence structures, floral biology, and pollination mechanisms, emphasizing their cross-pollination tendencies. Additionally, it covers self-pollination techniques and challenges, particularly in onion cultivation.
Pests of cotton and their managementRAKESH KUMAR MEENAThis document discusses several major pests that affect cotton crops in India, including the leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), thrips (Thrips tabaci), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), and mealy bug (Phenacoccus solani). For each pest, it describes key details like appearance, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies. It emphasizes the importance of integrated pest management using cultural, biological, and chemical controls to minimize pest impacts on cotton crops.
Pest of pulsesVikash Kumar SankhalaThis document summarizes key pests that affect pulses. It describes 6 major pests, including the gram pod borer, plume moth, blue butterfly, pod fly, stem fly, and pod bug. For each pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and management practices. Common symptoms of damage include holes in pods and damaged seeds. Management involves practices like ploughing after harvest, hand picking, spraying with insecticides, and using pheromone traps to monitor pest populations.
Present Status and Future Scope of Horticulture in PakistanMuhammad HannanHorticulture plays an important role in Pakistan's economy and society. It currently provides 42.3% of the country's employment. Major horticultural crops include fruits like citrus, mangoes, grapes, apples and vegetables like potatoes, onions, cabbages. It generates income and improves nutrition and health. However, there are issues like lack of infrastructure, trained workers, markets, and post-harvest losses that need to be addressed for future growth. Addressing these challenges through improved facilities, education, and policies could expand horticulture's contribution in Pakistan.
Ecology of plant parasitic nematode’s (PPN's)Francis MatuThis document provides an overview of the ecology of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). It defines key ecological concepts and describes various aspects of PPN ecology, including population ecology, community and ecosystem interactions, the soil food web, physical habitat factors, foraging patterns, niche partitioning, and the role of PPNs in ecosystem functions like primary productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling.
Leaf miner and its control mechanismSantosh pathakLeafminer is a pest that damages vegetable crops like tomatoes. Its larvae burrow into and feed on leaf tissue, leaving winding tunnels that can cause leaves to drop prematurely and reduce crop yields. The leafminer has a 2-week lifecycle with multiple generations per year. Management strategies focus on conservation biological control using natural enemies like parasitic wasps. Cultural practices like removing old crop residues and selecting resistant varieties can also help reduce infestations. Chemicals should be avoided if possible to protect natural enemies, as the pest has developed resistance to many insecticides.
diagnosis of pestArushi AroraThis document provides an overview of the types of damage caused by different pest insects and how to diagnose the specific pest based on the damage. It describes 6 main types of insect damage: chewing insects which cause ragged edges and holes in leaves; piercing-sucking insects that cause yellowing or browning; defoliators that strip plants bare; burrowers that tunnel in leaves; gall makers that cause plant tissue to swell; and wood/phloem borers that damage wooden structures. It then outlines steps to diagnose the pest, including defining the problem, looking for damage patterns, and determining if the cause is living or non-living. Finally, it details the specific damage signs caused by chewing, sucking, internal feeding
Important Mango PestsAdityaParashar32The document outlines various important pests affecting mangoes, notably the mango hopper, mealy bug, fruit fly, and several others, detailing their identification, life cycle, and management strategies. It highlights the destructive impact of the mango hopper, which feeds on tender shoots and inflorescences, leading to significant crop loss. Recommendations for management include maintaining orchard hygiene, timely insecticide applications, and the use of biological control methods.
Management of diamond back moth (plutella xylostella linn ) on cabbageRAKESH KUMAR MEENAThis document provides information on managing the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella Linn) pest that attacks cabbage crops. It discusses the moth's life cycle, damage symptoms, and integrated pest management approaches. These include cultural controls like crop rotation and use of trap crops, biological controls using parasitic wasps and fungi, and chemical controls using insecticides like chlorpyrifos and cartap hydrochloride. Resistance development in the moth is a key concern requiring alternative management strategies.
Pract no. 9 (b) floral biology of mangotusharamodugu1. The document summarizes the floral biology of mango, including its classification, inflorescence, flower structure, pollination, selfing and crossing techniques.
2. Mango flowers contain both male and hermaphrodite flowers arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Pollination is entomophilous, relying on insects like house flies.
3. Traditional techniques for selfing and crossing involve bagging panicles and manually removing stamens or brushing pollen, while caging uses insect-proof cages with grafted plants to allow natural pollination.
IMPORTANT DISEASEs Of PULSEsarnab dasThis document summarizes several important plant diseases that affect pulses and oilseeds grown in West Bengal, India. It describes 4 diseases of pulses (wilt, blight, rust, and powdery mildew), providing details on the pathogen, host plants, symptoms, and plant protection methods for each. It also outlines 4 diseases of oilseeds (white rust, leaf blight, club root, and downy mildew in mustard), along with disease, pathogen, host, symptoms and protection for each. Finally, it summarizes several other diseases in sunflower, sesame, and groundnut, including leaf blight, head rot, blight, early leafspot, providing relevant details for each.
HorsegramIIM AhmedabadHorse gram is a species of flowering plant in the legume family. It is a climbing herb with trifoliate leaves and papilionaceous flowers that produce linear pods containing 5-10 seeds. The plant has several varieties that are distinguished by differences in their fruit pods. Horse gram is drought-resistant and tolerant of poor soils, requiring warm temperatures between 20-30°C. It has a number of traditional medicinal uses for treating cough, flatulence, fever, and more, but can also cause harm if consumed by certain groups like pregnant women.
Wheat termites - Distribution ,host Range ,life cycle ,types , damage and con...Ankit Sharda The document provides detailed information about the wheat termite (Microtermes obesi), including its distribution, life cycle, and the damage it causes to crops. The termite goes through three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult, and organizes itself into a caste system of workers, soldiers, and reproductive members. It also discusses effective chemicals for termite control, such as chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid.
Fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda)PragyaBaranwalThe document discusses the recent invasion of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in India, highlighting its rapid spread from Africa, significant threat to food security, and the economic implications, with potential yield losses of up to 53% in maize. It details the pest's characteristics, management measures, and biological control strategies, emphasizing the need for effective monitoring and prevention practices to mitigate its impact. The pest's spread poses threats not only to India but also to neighboring countries, potentially affecting the food production of the entire Asian continent.
An introduction to the new generation pesticides 25 10-2013. newDilin SathyanathThe document discusses new generation pesticides from various groups including organo chlorines, carbamates, organo phosphorus, and synthetic pyrethroids. It provides the brand names, active ingredients, dosages, and target pests for many new pesticides from groups like phenyl pyrazoles, phallic acid diamides, chloro nicotynyls, and insect growth regulators. New generation fungicides and their uses are also outlined. The document compares conventional and new generation pesticide options for pests like leaf minor and epilachna beetle.
Sandalwood PPT.pptxHemashreeYSandalwood is a highly valued tree known for its fragrant oil. It is native to southern India and Southeast Asia. The oil is 4-6% of the heartwood and is used in perfumes, aromatherapy, and pharmaceuticals. Sandalwood is a hemiparasitic tree that requires a host plant. It grows best in well-drained soil in a hot, humid climate between 600-1050 meters elevation. Proper cultivation practices include selecting an appropriate host at planting, irrigation, and pest and disease management. Mature trees 30-70 years old with a girth over 40cm can be harvested for their heartwood, which is steam distilled to extract the fragrant oil.
Pumpkin Varsha GayatondeThis document provides information about pumpkins. It discusses that pumpkins are originally from America, with the scientific name Cucurbita moschata. They require warm, sunny conditions with rich, well-draining soil. Pumpkins are allopolyploid with 40 chromosomes and trailing vine-like stems. They bear large yellow flowers that are monoecious and highly cross-pollinated. Breeding methods aim to develop varieties with high yields, early fruiting, and desirable fruit characteristics. Hybrids can be produced through manual pollination or using chemicals to control male flower production.
pest of coconut.Snehal mane1. The rhinoceros beetle and red palm weevil are major pests of coconut and other palm trees. They damage growing points which can arrest growth and kill trees. Their life cycles take 10-12 months and 50-90 days respectively. Management involves removing infested material and applying insecticides.
2. The coconut black headed caterpillar feeds inside folded leaves, damaging photosynthesis. It has a 2 month life cycle during hot months. Control requires clipping leaves and spraying with insecticides or Bt.
3. Coconut eriophyid mite feeds on nuts, reducing size and quality. Management involves fertilizing, intercropping and spraying acaricides or insect growth regulators.
Diseases of oatsEpicGameThis document summarizes five main diseases that affect oats: leaf or crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata var. avenae, stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis sp. Tritici, Pyrenophora leaf blotch caused by Pyrenophora chaetomioides, Septoria blotch caused by Phaeosphaeria avenaria, and Barley yellow dwarf virus transmitted by aphids. It describes the pathogens, symptoms, and management strategies for each disease, which include using resistant varieties, crop rotation, fungicide or insecticide application, and controlling volunteer plants and weeds that can harbor the pathogens.
pests of Cashew nut .Loki HortiThis document discusses the major pests that affect cashew plants in India. It focuses on describing four major pests in detail: the tea mosquito bug, cashew stem and root borer, apple and nut borer, and thrips. For the tea mosquito bug and cashew stem and root borer, it provides information on symptoms, biology, seasonal incidence, and management strategies to control these pests. Red ants are highlighted as a potential biocontrol agent for tea mosquito bugs. The document also includes pictures to illustrate pest damage.
4. പച്ചക്കറികള് ഒരു സംരക്ഷിത ആഹാരമാണ
കാല്സയം,ഇരുമ്പ്,ഫഫാസ്ഫാറസ എന്നീ
ധാതുക്കള ം
ൈീവകങ്ങള് ആയ A,B,C എന്നിവയും അടങ്ങിയ
വിളയാണ പച്ചക്കറികള്
കൂടാ്ത ഫ്പാടീന് ,കാര്ഫബാജഹഫ്ടറ്റ്,നാരുകള്
എന്നിവയും അടങ്ങിയിട്ട ണ്ട്
5. ്പായപൂര്തി ആയ ഒരാള് ഒരു ദിവസം
300്്ാം പച്ചക്കറികള് എങ്കിലും കഴിക്കണം.
അതില് 120 ്്ാം ഇലക്കറികള ം,90 ്്ാം
വീതം കിഴങ്ങുവര്ഗങ്ങള ം,പഴവര്്
പച്ചക്കറികള ം അടങ്ങിയിരിക്കണം.
ഒരു വീട്ടിഫലക്ക് ആവശ്യമായ പച്ചക്കറികള്
ഉല്പാദിപ്പിക്കാന് ഫവണ്ടി ഒരാള്ക്ക് ഒരു
്സന്റ് (40 m2) സ്ഥലം ആവശ്യമാണ
6. സ്ഥലതിന് ചുറ്റ ം ഫവലി ്കട്ടണം.
ഒരു വശ്്ത ഫവലി ചിക്കുര്മാനിസ ്കാണ്ട്
ഉണ്ടാക്കാം.
മറ്റ മൂന്നു വശ്ങ്ങളിലും ഫവലിയില് ഫകാവല്
,അമരപ്പയര് , ചതുരപ്പയര് എന്നിവ പടര്തി
വളര്താം.
ഉള്ളിലായി മറ്റ പച്ചക്കറികള് കൃഷി ്ചയ്ാം.
17. ചാക്കില്/ചട്ടിയില് കൃഷി ്ചയ് ന്ന വിധം
ജൈവ വളം(10kg),മണ്ണ്(70kg),മണല് (10kg), ഫറാക്ക്
ഫഫാസഫഫറ്റ്(10kg), വാം (1kg),അഫസാസപിരിലലം (1kg)
എന്നിവ നന്നായി കൂട്ടി കലര്തുക.
ഈ വളക്കൂട്ട് ചക്കിഫലാ /ചട്ടിയിഫലാ മുക്കാല് ഭാ്ം
നിറക്കുക. തവാരണയില് ഉണ്ടാക്കിയ ജതകള് പറിച്ച
നടുകഫയാ /വിതിട്ട് കിളിര്പ്പിക്കുകഫയാ ്ചയ് ക.
ഈ ചാക്കുകള് /ചട്ടികള് ്ടറസിഫലാ/നന്നായി ്വയില്
കിട്ട ന്ന സ്ഥലങ്ങളിഫലാ ജവക്കാം.
രണ്ടാഴ്ചയില് ഒന്നു വീതം ചാണക്വള്ളം ഫനര്പിച്ച്
്ചടികള ്ട ചുവട്ടില് ഒഴിച്ച ്കാടുക്കാം.
ആവശ്യാനുസരണം നനക്കുക. ചുവട്ടില് ്വള്ളം ്കട്ടി
നില്ക്കരുത്.
മാസതില് ഒന്നു വീതം 250 g ബഫയാ-ഓര്്ാനിക് വളം
ചുവട്ടില് ഇട്ട ്കാടുക്കണം.
26. ഒരു ്സന്്(40 ച.മീ)സ്ഥലത് പച്ചക്കറി കൃഷി ്ചയ്ാന്
ഫവണ്ട വിത്,വളം എന്നിവയു്ട കണക്ക്
്ക.
ന.
വിള ജൈവ
വളം
രാസ
വളം
വിത് അകലം കുഴി
അളവ്
1 ്വള്ളരി
വര്്ം
100 kg 600(U)+
500(RP)+
400g(MOP)
20g 2x2 m 50 Cm3
2 വഴുതിന
വര്്ം
100 kg 600+1000+
200g
2g 75 x 75
cm
50 Cm3
3 പയര് 80 kg 250+750+
400g
20g 2 x2 m 50 Cm3
4 ്വണ്ട 50 kg 500+500+
250g
40g 75x 75
cm
50 Cm3
5 ചീര 200 kg 500+1000+
400g
8g 15 x 15
cm
30 Cm3
27. ഇലകളില് തളിക്കുന്ന രാസ വളങ്ങള്
19:19:19(്പാളിഫീഡ് ),മള്ടി ്ക –രണ്ടു വളവും 2
്്ാം വീതം ഒരു ലി. ്വള്ളതില് കലര്തി
ജവകുഫന്നരങ്ങളില് തളിക്കുക
ജൈവ വളങ്ങള്
1.ഫവര്മി വാഷ് 6-10 ഇരട്ടി ്വള്ളം ഫചര്ത്
തളിക്കാം
2.സയുഫടാഫമാണാസ ലായനി 2% വീരയതില്
തളിക്കാം
3.ചാണകവും,പിണ്ണാക്കും കൂടി പുളിപ്പിച്ച് 10
ഇരട്ടി ്വള്ളം ഫചര്ത് തളിക്കാം.
28. അടുക്കളഫതാട്ടതില് കൃഷി ്ചയ്ാന് പറ്റിയ
പച്ചക്കറികള്
പടവല വര്ഗ വിളകള് -
പാവല്,പടവലം,ഫകാവല്,കുമ്പളം,പീച്ചി
ങ്ങ
പാവല്-്പിയ,്പീതി,്പിയങ്ക
പടവലം-്കൌമുദി,ഫബബി,ടി.എ.19
്വള്ളരി–മുടിഫക്കാ് ഫലാക്കല്
34. 1000 കി.്്ാം ഉണങ്ങിയ ഫകാഴി
വളം =
100 kg Urea
150 kg Super phosphate
50 kg MOP
750 kg Organic matter
125 kg Calcium carbonate
30 kg Sulphur
12 kg Sodium chloride
10 kg Magnesium sulphate
5 kg Ferrous sulphate
1kg Manganese sulphate
1kg Zinc sulphate
1 kg Other trace elements
47. VAM/ MYCORRHIZAE
്ചടികള ്ട ഫവരിനുള്ളില് കടന്ന്
ബാഹയവും,ആന്തരികവുമായ ഫകാശ്ങ്ങളില് പടര്ന്ന്
പിടിച്ച്മണ്ണിഫലക്ക് വളരുന്ന ചില കുമിള ക്ളയാണ VAM
എന്നു വിളിക്കുന്നത്.ഇവ ഫവരില് വളരുന്നതുമൂലം
്ചടികള്ക്കും കുമിളിനും ്പഫയാൈനം ലഭിക്കുന്നു.(Symbiotic
relationship)
Glomus spp.,Acaulospora sp. എന്നിവയാണ ്പധാന
സപീഷീസുകള് .VAM മൂലമുള്ള ്ുണങ്ങള്
1.കൂടുതല് ഫപാഷകങ്ങള് വലി്ച്ചടുക്കാന്
സഹായിക്കുന്നു. (P,N,K,Ca,Mg)
2. വിളകള ്ട വളര്ച്ചയും,വിളവും
വര്ധിപ്പിക്കുന്നു.
3.ഉണക്കി്ന ്പതിഫരാധിക്കുന്നു.
48. 4.ഫദാഷകരമായ മൂലകങ്ങളില് നിന്നും വിളക്ള
സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്നു.(്ചമ്പ്,ഇരുമ്പ്,നിക്കല്, ഉപ്പ രസം).ഇവ
കൂടുതലുള്ള മണ്ണില് ്ചടികള് നന്നായി വളരാന്
സഹായിക്കുന്നു.
5.അന്നൈം ഉല്പ്പാദിപ്പിക്കുന്നതിനുള്ള കഴിവ്
വര്ധിപ്പിക്കുന്നു, വളര്ച്ചാ ഫഹാര്ഫമാണുകള ്ട
ഉല്പാദനം വഴി വിളകള ്ട വളര്ച്ചയും വിളവും
വര്ധിക്കുന്നു.
6.മി്ത സൂക്ഷ്മാണുക്ക്ള സഹായിക്കുന്നു.
7.മണ്ണി്ന്റ ഘടന ്മച്ച്പ്പടുതുന്നു,ഒരു പരിധി വ്ര
മ്ണ്ണാലിപ്പ് തടയുന്നു.
8.ഫവരുഫരാ്ങ്ങള് തടയുന്നു.
9.ടിഷയു കള്ച്ചര് ജതകള ്ട വളര്ച്ച തവരിത്പ്പടുതുന്നു.