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‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی‬
‫برای‬
‫انسان‬
‫ها‬
‫ارائه‬
‫ای‬
‫از‬
‫امین‬
‫شریفی‬
آشنایی با هوش مصنوعی - جلسه دوم
آشنایی با هوش مصنوعی - جلسه دوم
‫فلسفه‬
• ‫لئوناردو‬
‫داوینچی‬
‫یک‬
‫ماشین‬
‫حساب‬
‫طراحی‬
‫کرد‬
• ‫گوتفرید‬
‫ویلهلم‬
‫یک‬
‫دستگاه‬
‫مکانیکی‬
‫ساخت‬
‫که‬
‫بر‬
‫اساس‬
‫مفاهیم‬
‫بود‬ !
• ‫رنه‬
‫دکارت‬
‫می‬
‫گفت‬
‫که‬
‫ذهن‬
‫بر‬
‫اساس‬
‫قواعد‬
‫منطقی‬
‫یا‬
‫عددی‬
‫عمل‬
‫می‬
‫کند‬
• ‫مانوئل‬
‫کانت‬
‫نظریه‬
‫ایمبتنی‬
‫بر‬
‫قاعده‬
‫ارائه‬
‫کرد‬
‫که‬
‫در‬
‫آن‬
‫انجام‬
‫کار‬
‫درست‬
‫توسط‬
‫قوانین‬
‫اجتماعی‬
‫جهانی‬
‫تعیین‬
‫می‬
‫شود‬ .
‫اقتصاد‬
‫ریاضیات‬
‫کامپیوتر‬
‫علوم‬
‫اعصاب‬
‫روان‬
‫شناسی‬
‫آغاز‬
‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی‬ (1943-1956)
• ‫در‬
‫سال‬ 1943 ،
‫وارن‬
‫مک‬
‫کالک‬
‫و‬
‫والتر‬
‫پیتز‬
‫مقاله‬
‫ای‬
‫در‬
‫مورد‬
‫شبکه‬
‫های‬
‫عصبی‬
‫مصنوعی‬
‫منتشر‬
‫کردند‬
‫که‬
‫اساس‬
‫تحقیقات‬
‫مدرن‬
‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی‬
‫را‬
‫پایه‬
‫گذاری‬
‫کرد‬ .
• ‫در‬
‫سال‬ 1950 ،
‫آلن‬
‫تورینگ‬
‫مقاله‬
‫ای‬
‫در‬
‫مورد‬
‫آزمون‬
‫تورینگ‬
‫منتشر‬
‫کرد‬
‫که‬
‫امروزه‬
‫نیز‬
‫برای‬
‫ارزیابی‬
‫هوش‬
‫ماشین‬
‫ها‬
‫استفاده‬
‫می‬
‫شود‬ .
‫انتظارات‬
‫بزرگ‬ (1952-1969)
• ‫توسعه‬
‫حل‬
‫کننده‬
‫مشکل‬
‫عمومی‬ (GPS)
⚬ ‫می‬
‫توانست‬
‫طیف‬
‫گسترده‬
‫ای‬
‫از‬
‫مشکالت‬
‫را‬
‫با‬
‫استفاده‬
‫از‬
‫مجموعه‬
‫مشترکی‬
‫از‬
‫قوانین‬
‫و‬
‫رویه‬
‫ها‬
‫حل‬
‫کند‬ .
• ‫توسعه‬
‫برنامه‬ ELIZA ‫توسط‬
‫جوزف‬
‫وایزنباوم‬
‫در‬
‫سال‬ 1966
⚬ ELIZA ‫یک‬
‫چت‬
‫بات‬
‫بود‬
‫که‬
‫می‬
‫توانست‬
‫مکالمه‬
‫انسانی‬
‫را‬
‫شبیه‬
‫سازی‬
‫کند‬ .
‫و‬
‫اما‬
‫واقعیت‬ (1966-1973)
• ‫بزرگترین‬
‫چالش‬
‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی؟‬
⚬ ‫برنامه‬
‫ریزی‬
‫دشوار‬
⚬ ‫نیاز‬
‫به‬
‫محاسبات‬
‫زیاد‬
• ‫ناتوان‬
‫در‬
‫سازگاری‬
⚬ ‫فقط‬
‫شبیه‬
‫طوطی‬
‫عمل‬
‫میکرد‬ !
‫سیستم‬
‫های‬
‫خبره‬ (1969-1986)
• ‫تحقیقات‬
‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی‬
‫بر‬
‫توسعه‬
‫سیستم‬
‫های‬
‫خبره‬
‫متمرکز‬
‫شد‬ .
• ‫‌های‬
‫ه‬‫برنام‬
‫کامپیوتری‬
‫که‬
‫میتوانند‬
‫مشکالت‬
‫را‬
‫در‬
‫یک‬
‫حوزه‬
‫خاص‬
،
‫مانند‬
‫پزشکی‬
،
‫حقوق‬
‫یا‬
‫مهندسی‬
‫حل‬
‫کنند‬ .
‫سیستم‬
‫های‬
‫خبره‬ (1969-1986)
• ‫برتری‬
‫سیستم‬
‫های‬
‫خبره‬
‫در‬
‫مقابل‬
‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی‬ :
⚬ ‫برنامه‬
‫ریزی‬
‫آسان‬
‫تر‬
⚬ ‫امکان‬
‫استفاده‬
‫در‬
‫دنیای‬
‫واقعی‬
‫بازگشت‬
‫شبکه‬
‫های‬
‫عصبی‬
(1986-‫)اکنون‬
• ‫رایانه‬
‫های‬
‫قدرتمند‬
• ‫در‬
‫زمینه‬
⚬ ‫تشخیص‬
‫تصویر‬
⚬ ‫پردازش‬
‫زبان‬
‫طبیعی‬
⚬ ‫ترجمه‬
‫ماشینی‬
‫احتمالی‬
‫و‬
‫یادگیری‬
‫ماشینی‬
(1987-‫)اکنون‬
• ‫یادگیری‬
‫ماشینی‬
‫به‬
‫برنامه‬
‫های‬
‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی‬
‫اجازه‬
‫می‬
‫دهد‬
‫تا‬
‫بدون‬
‫برنامه‬
‫ریزی‬
‫صریح‬
‫از‬
‫داده‬
‫ها‬
‫یاد‬
‫بگیرند‬ .
‫احتمالی‬
‫و‬
‫یادگیری‬
‫ماشینی‬
(1987-‫)اکنون‬
• ‫استدالل‬
‫احتمالی‬
‫و‬
‫یادگیری‬
‫ماشینی‬
‫در‬ :
• ‫فیلتر‬
‫کردن‬
‫اسپم‬
• ‫تشخیص‬
‫تقلب‬
• ‫تشخیص‬
‫پزشکی‬
‫بیگ‬
‫دیتا‬ (2001-‫)اکنون‬
• ‫محققان‬
‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی‬
‫در‬
‫حال‬
‫توسعه‬
‫‌ها‬
‫م‬‫الگوریت‬
‫و‬
‫‌های‬
‫ک‬‫تکنی‬
‫جدیدی‬
‫برای‬
‫تجزیه‬
‫و‬
‫تحلیل‬
‫‌های‬
‫ه‬‫داد‬
‫بزرگ‬
‫و‬
‫استخراج‬
‫‌های‬
‫ش‬‫بین‬
‫مفید‬
‫از‬
‫ان‬
‫هستند‬
‫ما‬
‫کجاییم؟‬
• ‫تحقیق‬
‫کنید‬
‫توی‬
‫ایران‬
‫چه‬
‫جاهایی‬
‫از‬
‫هوش‬
‫مصنوعی‬
‫استفاده‬
‫میکنند‬ .
• ‫حداقل‬
۱ / ۳
‫برگه‬
‫دربارش‬
‫بنویسید‬
‫برای‬
‫جلسه‬
‫بعد‬
‫بیارید‬ .
آشنایی با هوش مصنوعی - جلسه دوم

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