Static gk chemistry
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This document defines several key chemistry concepts and provides examples of each: - Elements cannot be broken down further and there are about 106 known elements like iron, sulfur, and oxygen. - Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances and are formed by a combination of elements in fixed proportions, such as water, iron sulfide, and chalk. - Mixtures maintain the properties of the individual substances and are mixed together without chemical bonding, for example sand and salt, sugar and water, or air. - Hard and soft water is determined by dissolved mineral content, with hard water containing calcium and magnesium that reduce lather from soap. - Alloys are mixtures of metals that impart special properties, such as stainless
Static gk chemistry
- 1. Chemistry Element:Itcannotbe splitintosimplersubstances,e.g.,iron,sulphur,oxygen,gold.There are about106 elements. Compound:Itcan be splitintosimplersubstancesandisformedbythe unionof twoor more elements indefinite proportions byweight,e.g. 1. Water can be splitintohydrogenandoxygen. 2. Iron sulphide issplitintoironandsulphur. 3. Chalkis made of calcium,carbon and oxygen. 4. Carbondixoide ismade upof carbonand oxygen.
- 2. Mixture:Itis one inwhichtwo or more substancesare mixedtogetherinanyratiowithoutalteringtheir properties. 1. Sand and salt 2. Sugar andwater 3. Air isa mixture of nitrogenandoxygen 4. Gun-powderisamixture of nitre,charcoal andsulphur
- 3. Hard and SoftWater: Hard wateris that waterwhichdoesnotproduce latherwithsoapeasily.Soft waterproduceslatherwithsoapveryeasily. There istwo kindsof hardness: - (i) Temporary (ii) Permanent. Temporaryisdue to bicarbonatesof calciumandmagnesium.Canbe removedby (i) boiling,(ii) additionof lime. Permanentisdue tothe sulphatesandchloridesof calciumandmagnesium. Permanenthardnesscanbe removedby(I) additionof washingsoda,or(ii) by distillation. Alloy:Isa mixture of twoor more metalsina certainproportion.Alloysare made toimpart certainspecial propertiestothe metalsinquestion.Forexample,stainlesssteelismade usingIron,Manganese,Carbonetc.to give ithighstrength,elasticity etcwhichisnotfound inIron. Amalgam:anyalloycontainingMercuryas an essential componentisknownasamalgam. Chemical Namesof substances: Chemical Name of the Substance Substance Chemical Name Composition Greenvitriol Iron sulphate Iron,sulphurandoxygen Litharge Lead monoxide Lead andoxygen White vitriol Zincsulphate Zincsulphurand oxygen Causticlotion Silvernitrate Silver,nitrogenandoxygen Candyfluid Potassiumpermanganate Potassium, manganeseandoxygen Blue vitriol Coppersulphate Copper,sulphurandoxygen Kansi (Alloy) Bronze Copper,zinc,tin Pital (Alloy) Brass Copper,zinc
- 4. Chemical Name of the Substance Shora or nitre Potassiumnitrate Potassium, nitrogenandoxygen Causticpotash Potassiumhydroxide Potassium, hydrogenandoxygen Chile saltpeter Sodiumnitrate Sodium, nitrogenandoxygen Bakingsoda Sodiumbicarbonate Sodium, hydrogen,carbonandoxygen Washingsoda Sodiumcarbonate Sodium, carbonand oxygen Commonsalt Sodiumchloride Sodiumandchlorine Causticsoda Sodiumhydroxide Sodium, hydrogenandoxygen Gluberssalt Sodiumsulphate Sodium, sulphurandoxygen
- 5. Chemical Name of the Substance Iron pyrites Iron sulphide Iron and sulphur Galena Lead sulphide Lead andsulphur Gyspum Calciumsulphate Calcium, sulphurandoxygen Epsom Magnesiumsulphate Magnesium, sulphurandoxygen Aspirin Acetyl SalicylicAcid Vinegar AceticAcid(Glacial) Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen BleachingPowder CalciumOxychloride Calcium, Oxygen,Chlorine Marble CalciumCarbonate Calcium, Carbon,Oxygen Rust FerricHydroxide Iron,Hydrogen,Oxygen Plasterof Paris HydratedCalcium Sulphate Calcium, Sulphur,Hydrogen,Oxygen