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Carbohydrates(AGA UMARprincipal phoenix paramedical college pulwama kashmir
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Proteins (UMAR TARIQ)principal phoenix paramedical college pulwama kashmir
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This document lists various surgical instruments and provides brief descriptions of their common uses. It includes forceps, retractors, needle holders, and other tools. Forceps include mosquito clamps for holding tissues, tissue forceps with and without teeth for grasping, and Adson forceps also with and without teeth. Retractors mentioned are skin hooks, Senn retractors, Volkmann retractors, and Weitlaner retractors for holding back tissue edges. Needle holders included are Olsen-Hegar with built-in scissors and Webster needle holders for suturing. Other instruments listed are towel clips for retraction, Allis clamps, and Frazier suction tips.Ether
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This document discusses the importance of monitoring patients during anesthesia. It outlines the basic monitoring requirements which include having an anesthesiologist present, checking anesthesia equipment, and monitoring the patient. Both clinical and instrumental monitoring are described in detail, with arterial blood pressure, ECG, CVP, pulse oximetry, capnography, and temperature being some of the key instrumental monitors discussed. Normal ranges and indications for each monitor are provided.Cardiovascular trays
Cardiovascular traysprincipal phoenix paramedical college pulwama kashmir
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Pacemaker trayprincipal phoenix paramedical college pulwama kashmir
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Anatomy of the Larynx
Larynx is a cartilaginous structure located in the **anterior neck** at the level of **C3C6 vertebrae**.
* Also called the **voice box**responsible for **phonation**, **airway protection**, and **breathing regulation**.
**Cartilages of the Larynx**
**Unpaired Cartilages:**
1. **Thyroid cartilage**:
* Largest cartilage; forms the **Adams apple (laryngeal prominence)**.
* Composed of two laminae that fuse anteriorly.
2. **Cricoid cartilage**:
* Ring-shaped; **only complete ring** around the airway.
* Located below thyroid cartilage; articulates with thyroid & arytenoid cartilages.
3. **Epiglottis**:
* Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage.
* Covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.
**Paired Cartilages:**
1. **Arytenoid**:
* Pyramid-shaped; sit on top of cricoid.
* Attach vocal cords and muscles.
2. **Corniculate**:
* Small cartilages sitting atop the arytenoids.
3. **Cuneiform**:
* Embedded in the aryepiglottic folds; provide structural support.
**Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx**
> Responsible for controlling **vocal cord movement**.
| Muscle | Action | Nerve Supply |
| **Cricothyroid** | Tenses vocal cords | External laryngeal nerve |
| **Thyroarytenoid** | Relaxes vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Posterior cricoarytenoid** | Abducts vocal cords (opens glottis) | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Lateral cricoarytenoid** | Adducts vocal cords | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Transverse & oblique arytenoids** | Closes the posterior glottis | Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
| **Vocalis** | Fine-tunes pitch | Recurrent laryngeal nerve | **Nerve Supply*
* **Motor**:
* All intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid): **Recurrent laryngeal nerve** (branch of vagus nerve).
* Cricothyroid: **External branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* **Sensory**:
* Above vocal cords: **Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve**.
* Below vocal cords: **Recurrent laryngeal nerve**.
**Blood Supply**
* **Superior laryngeal artery** (branch of superior thyroid artery).
* **Inferior laryngeal artery** (branch of inferior thyroid artery).
**Laryngeal Cavity & Folds**
Divided into 3 regions:
1. **Vestibule** from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords).
2. **Ventricle** between vestibular and vocal folds.
3. **Infraglottic cavity** below vocal cords to trachea.
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