structuraatomului

Feb 10, 2014Download as PPT, PDF1 like3,097 views

Daniel Deaconescu

atom

CAPITOLUL 1.

STRUCTURA ÎNVELIŞULUI ELECTRONIC

CONFIGURAŢIA ELECTRONICĂ A ATOMULUI

Orbital atomic

Mişcarea de spin

TIPURI DE ORBITALI

4 tipuri de orbitali:

Oritali de tip s
Orbitali de tip p
Orbitali de tip d
Orbitali de tip f

exerciţiu

Notează în tabelul de mai jos numărul de orbitali corespunzători
fiecărui substrat:
substrat

s

p

d

Nr.
orbitali

creşte energia orbitalilor

f

CONFIGURAŢIA ELECTRONICĂ A ATOMULUI

principiul stabilităţii
principiul de excluziune al lui Pauli
regula lui Hund

Ordinea ocupării cu electroni a orbitalilor atomici pentru primele 4 straturi:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

3d10 4 p6 5s2 4d10 5 p6 6s2 4f14

5d10 6 p6 7s2 5f14 6 d10

CONFIGURAŢIA ELECTRONICĂ A ATOMILOR DIN PERIOADELE 1, 2 ŞI 3

Clasificarea elementelor chimice în blocuri de elemente:

CONFIGURAŢIA ELECTRONICĂ A ATOMILOR DIN PERIOADA 4

Exerciţiu 1:

Notează configuraţia electronică a Sc, Z = 21
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1

Explică de ce electronul distinctiv se află în orbitalul 3d şi nu în 4p.
Explicaţie: substratul 3d are o energie mai joasă decât substratul 4p

Elementele de la Sc până la Zn, la care electronul distinctiv se
plasează în substratul 3d elemente tranziţionale de tip d

Exerciţiul 2:

Notează configuraţia electronică a Cr, Z = 24
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

Observaţie:
substratul d semiocupat sau total ocupat cu electroni este mai stabil

Exerciţiul 3:

Notează configuraţia electronică a Cu, Z = 29

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10

RELAŢIA DINTRE STRUCTURA ATOMICĂ A ELEMENTELOR
ŞI POZIŢIA LOR ÎN SISTEMUL PERIODIC

Structura învelişului electronic al atomului → poziţia elementului în
sistemul periodic
Numărul grupei
Numărul perioadei
Blocul de elemente
Substrat

Prof. LUIZA BĂRBUCEANU
LICEUL ,, GEORGE CĂLINESCU
BUCUREŞTI

Termenul de atom apare pentru prima dată către anul 450 î.e.n. Filozoful grec Leucip dezvoltă teoria conform căreia materia nu este infinit divizibilă și introduce noțiunea de atomos, ceea ce nu poate fi divizat. Câțiva ani mai târziu, Democrit, un discipol al lui Leucip, definește materia ca fiind un ansamblu de particule indivizibile, invizibile și eterne: atomul. Această nouă concepție nu a fost rezultatul unor observații sau experiențe, ci mai degrabă al unor intuiții. Teoria a fost dezvoltată ulterior de Epicur, apoi de poetul latin Lucrețiu. Au trecut însă 2000 de ani până când teoria atomică a fost formulată științific.

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structuraatomului

1. CAPITOLUL 1. STRUCTURA ÎNVELIŞULUI ELECTRONIC

2. Despre ce vom învăţa în acest capitol: Orbital atomic Substrat Mişcare de spin Strat Configuraţie electronică Element reprezentativ Element tranziţional Principiul stabilităţii Principiul lui Pauli Regula lui Hund

3. STRUCTURA ATOMULUI

4. CONFIGURAŢIA ELECTRONICĂ A ATOMULUI Orbital atomic Mişcarea de spin

5. TIPURI DE ORBITALI 4 tipuri de orbitali: Oritali de tip s Orbitali de tip p Orbitali de tip d Orbitali de tip f

6. Orbital de tip s Orbitali de tip p

7. Orbitali de tip d Orbitali de tip f

8. exerciţiu Notează în tabelul de mai jos numărul de orbitali corespunzători fiecărui substrat: substrat s p d Nr. orbitali creşte energia orbitalilor f

9. STRAT Substrat 4p2

10. CONFIGURAŢIA ELECTRONICĂ A ATOMULUI principiul stabilităţii principiul de excluziune al lui Pauli regula lui Hund

11. Ordinea ocupării cu electroni a orbitalilor atomici pentru primele 4 straturi: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4 p6 5s2 4d10 5 p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6 p6 7s2 5f14 6 d10

12. CONFIGURAŢIA ELECTRONICĂ A ATOMILOR DIN PERIOADELE 1, 2 ŞI 3

13. Clasificarea elementelor chimice în blocuri de elemente:

14. CONFIGURAŢIA ELECTRONICĂ A ATOMILOR DIN PERIOADA 4 Exerciţiu 1: Notează configuraţia electronică a Sc, Z = 21 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 Explică de ce electronul distinctiv se află în orbitalul 3d şi nu în 4p. Explicaţie: substratul 3d are o energie mai joasă decât substratul 4p Elementele de la Sc până la Zn, la care electronul distinctiv se plasează în substratul 3d elemente tranziţionale de tip d

15. Exerciţiul 2: Notează configuraţia electronică a Cr, Z = 24 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 Observaţie: substratul d semiocupat sau total ocupat cu electroni este mai stabil Exerciţiul 3: Notează configuraţia electronică a Cu, Z = 29 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10

16. RELAŢIA DINTRE STRUCTURA ATOMICĂ A ELEMENTELOR ŞI POZIŢIA LOR ÎN SISTEMUL PERIODIC Structura învelişului electronic al atomului → poziţia elementului în sistemul periodic Numărul grupei Numărul perioadei Blocul de elemente Substrat

17. Prof. LUIZA BĂRBUCEANU LICEUL ,, GEORGE CĂLINESCU BUCUREŞTI

Editor's Notes

#4: STRUCTURA ATOMULUI
#14: Clasificarea elementelor chimice in blocuri de elemente:

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structuraatomului

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