Reservoir sedimentation causes and mitigationPRAMODA GThis document discusses reservoir sedimentation, its causes, and mitigation strategies. It outlines that geological investigations of the dam site are essential. Elements of sediment management include reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, sediment removal, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Methods to control sedimentation involve check dams, afforestation, desilting reservoirs during summer, and storing clean water while discharging sediment-laden flows. India's water storage reservoirs are significantly losing capacity due to sediment deposition.
Offshore platformsRaviNobleseasOffshore platforms are structures installed in bodies of water to facilitate petroleum drilling and production. There are several types of offshore platforms including fixed platforms, compliant platforms, and floating platforms. Fixed platforms are directly fixed to the seabed and include jacket platforms and gravity-based structures. Compliant platforms, like tension leg platforms, use tethers to connect to the seabed and allow for some movement. Floating platforms are not directly attached and include semi-submersibles and FPSOs (floating production, storage, and offloading vessels).
Jack upGeorg Bush MurikipudiThis document discusses jack-up platforms used in offshore oil and gas exploration and production. It describes two types of jack-up platforms: pile-supported, which rest on piles or spud cans; and mat-supported, which rest on large rectangular mats. Geotechnical issues related to installing and removing each type are discussed, including factors that determine pile/spud can penetration depth and the methods used to remove platforms, such as jetting around supports.
Platform Decommissioning.pptxMFaridGeonovaThis document discusses various methods and considerations for decommissioning offshore platforms. It begins by outlining regulatory requirements for decommissioning from organizations like the UN and IMO. It then describes the different options for removing platform components like conductors, topsides, and jackets. Conductors can be removed using internal cutting or sectioning. Topsides are typically lifted off intact and transported by cargo barge. Jackets may be fully removed or left partially in place according to regulations. The document also discusses preparations needed like cleaning, surveys and installing lifting points. Transportation involves cargo barges, dynamic analysis, and onshore handling. Leaving platforms as artificial reefs is also evaluated. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of offshore platform
Sequence of well completion part 1Elsayed AmerThis document provides information about well completion processes and equipment. It discusses steps like well clean up, mud displacement, perforating, and installing downhole equipment like packers, landing nipples, and side pocket mandrels. The document also outlines considerations for completion design based on factors like the wellbore, reservoir properties, and production method. Well completion aims to enable production from the reservoir to the surface.
subseadensandsThis document provides an overview of subsea pipeline systems. It discusses the key components including wellhead platforms, risers, pipelines, manifolds, and flowlines. It then describes various types of subsea pipelines and their purposes for transporting hydrocarbons from offshore production units to shore. The rest of the document outlines the major design considerations and analyses performed for subsea pipelines, such as sizing, material selection, mechanical design, stability, crossings, and cathodic protection. Standards and codes used for subsea pipeline design are also listed.
Reservoir capacity, Reservoir sedimentation and controldeep shahThis document discusses reservoir capacity, sedimentation, and control of sedimentation. It defines a reservoir as an area developed by dam construction. Reservoir capacity depends on inflow and demand, and can be determined using graphical or analytical methods. Sediment carried by rivers is deposited in reservoirs, reducing capacity over time. Sediment includes suspended and bed loads. Causes of sedimentation are soil/vegetation in the catchment area and rainfall intensity. Control methods include selecting sites carefully, check dams, vegetation screens, and removing deposited sediment.
Ship`s Parts & terminologies for general direction.pptxMariners Polytechnic Colleges FoundationThe document defines key parts and terminology used for ships. It describes the hull as the main body of the ship including the bottom, sides, and deck. The keel is the lengthwise timber or steel structure along the base that supports the framework. The bow is the forward part of the hull. The deck is the upper, open level extending the full length. Bulkheads divide separate compartments inside. Other areas defined include the ship's bridge, cargo holds, engine room, workshop, steering room, rudder, propeller, and directions like amidships, aft, port, starboard, abeam, port bow, starboard bow, port quarter, and starboard quarter.
DamsSatyajit BeheraThis document discusses different types of dams used to hold back water and raise its level. It describes earth dams, rock fill dams, gravity dams, arch dams, steel dams, buttress dams, timber dams, and rubber dams. Earth dams are embankments created from compacted soil, sand, clay or rock. Rock fill dams use compacted rock and transfer force downward. Gravity dams rely on their own weight to resist water pressure. Arch dams are curved upstream and strengthen under water pressure.
C valves technologyAmir LivneC-Valves is a supplier of pressure control valves for water systems that was established in 1995. Their linear flow control valves are more reliable, durable, and require less maintenance than conventional valves. C-Valves can be used for various applications including pressure reducing, sustaining, and relief valves. They have benefits such as lower water losses, lower lifetime costs, and have been installed successfully in many countries and applications. C-Valves is seeking distributors and partners to help penetrate new markets.
Dams arvind gupta-12march13 (2)Arvind GuptaThere are several types of dams classified based on size, structure, and materials. Dams are classified as large or small based on height and storage capacity. Structurally, dams include gravity dams, arch dams, arch-gravity dams, buttress dams, barrages, and embankment dams such as earthfill and rockfill dams. Earthfill dams are further divided into homogeneous, zoned, rolled fill, and hydraulic fill dams. Dams serve various purposes like water supply, flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power and recreation. However, dams can also negatively impact the environment by disrupting natural water flows and fish migration.
1 damsRaghav GadgilThe document provides information on different types of dams including their structures, classifications, and examples. It discusses:
1) The main types of dams are gravity dams, buttress dams, arch dams, and earth dams. Gravity dams resist water pressure through sheer weight while buttress dams use supports and arch dams curve to transmit water pressure.
2) Dams can be classified based on their functions such as storage dams, diversion dams, detention dams, debris dams, and coffer dams which are temporary structures used in construction.
3) Examples of different dams are provided along with their key details like location, height, purpose, and capacity. The Bhakra dam on the Satluj river in India
Subsea Separation presentationSunday Kanshio, PhDThis document discusses subsea separation as a new frontier for chemical engineers. It outlines the increasing demand for oil and gas production from deepwater fields and the challenges of subsea production systems. Subsea separation techniques including horizontal separators, vertical separators, caisson systems, and compact cyclonic separators are presented. The document highlights the need for further research to improve the understanding and design of compact subsea separators. Academic work at Cranfield University involving testing a prototype gas-liquid pipe cyclonic separator is summarized. The findings provide useful information on multiphase flow regimes inside separators and how they can influence phase separation performance.
Structural analysis & design iiiPriodeep ChowdhuryThe document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. Staying active also helps maintain a healthy weight and keeps muscles, bones and joints healthy as we age.
Barrage Gate Operation Rules and Silt Control Devices Report vikas rahangdaleThe document discusses the design and operation of barrages, which are low-head diversion dams that stabilize river water elevations for irrigation and other uses. It details the components of a barrage, including gates, fish ladders, and guide banks, as well as guidelines for operation during different flow conditions to minimize sediment entry and maintain water levels. Additionally, it describes structures such as silt excluders, employed to reduce the entry of sediment into canals drawing from the barrage.
Basic pipingVikas SuryavanshiThis document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like pipes, fittings, valves and instruments. It covers piping layout considerations, stress analysis, supports, insulation, material selection and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design, modeling in software, drafting of P&IDs, and compliance with codes like ASME and IBR.
The Road to Saqqara ( Jack-up units and Move )Kamel ElsayedThis document provides an in-depth overview of jack-up systems used in offshore oil drilling, detailing their components, functions, and operational limits. It covers main structures like the hull, legs, and footings, discussing their roles in stability and load management, as well as different designs like cylindrical and trussed legs. The information highlights the historical context, technical specifications, and engineering considerations critical for the effective and safe operation of jack-up rigs.
DredgersHenderson International LLCDredging involves excavating underwater to gather and dispose of bottom sediments. It is used for maintaining waterways, replenishing beaches, and land reclamation and construction projects. There are several types of dredging including capital dredging for new harbors and waterways, preparatory dredging for future structures like bridges, and maintenance dredging to deepen waterways and keep reservoirs at their holding capacity by addressing silt and sediment buildup. Land reclamation dredging mines material from the seabed that is then used to construct new land and for flood and erosion control projects. Dredging plays an important role in maintaining global shipping routes and enabling expansion for new residential areas around the world.
Hydraulic workover and snubbing solutions, رضا مصطفوی طباطبایی Reza Mostafavi TabatabaeiThis document provides an introduction to hydraulic workover and snubbing solutions. It discusses the history of hydraulic workover which has been used since the 1920s. It defines snubbing as running and pulling tubulars with surface pressure present. It outlines the benefits of hydraulic workover such as remaining in production and completing work without killing the well. It also describes potential applications like fishing, drilling, completions, and abandonment. Finally, it explains the mechanics of hydraulic workovers including the use of traveling and stationary slips to move tubulars through blowout preventer rams.
AULA 4 - MISTURA RAPIDA.pdfSarahSucupira2O documento aborda o processo de mistura rápida no tratamento de água, destacando a importância da coagulação na eficiência das etapas subsequentes. Serão discutidos diferentes tipos de coagulantes, etapas e unidades de mistura, assim como os desafios enfrentados para uma mistura homogênea. O conteúdo também inclui recomendações para a instalação de difusores e especificações de projetos de estações de tratamento de água.
Obras de captacionlexier martinezEl documento describe diferentes métodos para la captación de agua, incluyendo la captación de agua de ríos, lagos y agua subterránea. Describe estructuras como pozos, cisternas y sistemas de bombeo que se pueden usar para captar agua de estas fuentes. También explica factores como la profundidad, velocidad de flujo y calidad del agua que deben considerarse al seleccionar un método de captación.
Conformance technology for water and gas floodingGuillermo Daniel CrinitiThis document discusses various water and gas conformance technologies used to improve sweep efficiency in oil reservoirs. It begins with an overview of water conformance methods like injection profile modification and BrightWater technology, providing a field case example from Alaska where BrightWater increased incremental oil production. It also summarizes gas conformance technologies, noting foams are commonly used to modify gas injection profiles or shut off high GOR wells. The document concludes with descriptions of polymer flooding, ZL Nano-spheres, and the status of foam applications in North Sea reservoirs.
Penstocks, powerhouse and tailraceRakesh Sunari MagarThis document discusses the key components of hydropower projects including penstocks, power houses, and tailraces. It describes the different types of penstocks such as exposed, embedded, and underground and their advantages and disadvantages. A power house contains the mechanical and electrical equipment needed to convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Tailraces return water back to the river after it has passed through turbines in the power house.
Critical flow through an Open channelAjoy Kumar SahaThis document discusses critical flow in hydraulic engineering. It defines critical flow criteria as when specific energy is minimum, discharge is maximum, and the Froude number equals 1. Critical flow is unstable, and the critical depth is calculated using the section factor formula. The section factor relates water area, hydraulic depth, discharge, and gravitational acceleration. Hydraulic exponent is also discussed as it relates the section factor and critical depth for different channel geometries. Methods for calculating critical depth include algebraic, graphical, and using design charts. The document concludes by defining flow control and characteristics of subcritical, critical, and supercritical flow in a channel.
Sequence of well completion part 1Elsayed AmerThis document provides information about well completion processes and equipment. It discusses steps like well clean up, mud displacement, perforating, and installing downhole equipment like packers, landing nipples, and side pocket mandrels. The document also outlines considerations for completion design based on factors like the wellbore, reservoir properties, and production method. Well completion aims to enable production from the reservoir to the surface.
subseadensandsThis document provides an overview of subsea pipeline systems. It discusses the key components including wellhead platforms, risers, pipelines, manifolds, and flowlines. It then describes various types of subsea pipelines and their purposes for transporting hydrocarbons from offshore production units to shore. The rest of the document outlines the major design considerations and analyses performed for subsea pipelines, such as sizing, material selection, mechanical design, stability, crossings, and cathodic protection. Standards and codes used for subsea pipeline design are also listed.
Reservoir capacity, Reservoir sedimentation and controldeep shahThis document discusses reservoir capacity, sedimentation, and control of sedimentation. It defines a reservoir as an area developed by dam construction. Reservoir capacity depends on inflow and demand, and can be determined using graphical or analytical methods. Sediment carried by rivers is deposited in reservoirs, reducing capacity over time. Sediment includes suspended and bed loads. Causes of sedimentation are soil/vegetation in the catchment area and rainfall intensity. Control methods include selecting sites carefully, check dams, vegetation screens, and removing deposited sediment.
Ship`s Parts & terminologies for general direction.pptxMariners Polytechnic Colleges FoundationThe document defines key parts and terminology used for ships. It describes the hull as the main body of the ship including the bottom, sides, and deck. The keel is the lengthwise timber or steel structure along the base that supports the framework. The bow is the forward part of the hull. The deck is the upper, open level extending the full length. Bulkheads divide separate compartments inside. Other areas defined include the ship's bridge, cargo holds, engine room, workshop, steering room, rudder, propeller, and directions like amidships, aft, port, starboard, abeam, port bow, starboard bow, port quarter, and starboard quarter.
DamsSatyajit BeheraThis document discusses different types of dams used to hold back water and raise its level. It describes earth dams, rock fill dams, gravity dams, arch dams, steel dams, buttress dams, timber dams, and rubber dams. Earth dams are embankments created from compacted soil, sand, clay or rock. Rock fill dams use compacted rock and transfer force downward. Gravity dams rely on their own weight to resist water pressure. Arch dams are curved upstream and strengthen under water pressure.
C valves technologyAmir LivneC-Valves is a supplier of pressure control valves for water systems that was established in 1995. Their linear flow control valves are more reliable, durable, and require less maintenance than conventional valves. C-Valves can be used for various applications including pressure reducing, sustaining, and relief valves. They have benefits such as lower water losses, lower lifetime costs, and have been installed successfully in many countries and applications. C-Valves is seeking distributors and partners to help penetrate new markets.
Dams arvind gupta-12march13 (2)Arvind GuptaThere are several types of dams classified based on size, structure, and materials. Dams are classified as large or small based on height and storage capacity. Structurally, dams include gravity dams, arch dams, arch-gravity dams, buttress dams, barrages, and embankment dams such as earthfill and rockfill dams. Earthfill dams are further divided into homogeneous, zoned, rolled fill, and hydraulic fill dams. Dams serve various purposes like water supply, flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power and recreation. However, dams can also negatively impact the environment by disrupting natural water flows and fish migration.
1 damsRaghav GadgilThe document provides information on different types of dams including their structures, classifications, and examples. It discusses:
1) The main types of dams are gravity dams, buttress dams, arch dams, and earth dams. Gravity dams resist water pressure through sheer weight while buttress dams use supports and arch dams curve to transmit water pressure.
2) Dams can be classified based on their functions such as storage dams, diversion dams, detention dams, debris dams, and coffer dams which are temporary structures used in construction.
3) Examples of different dams are provided along with their key details like location, height, purpose, and capacity. The Bhakra dam on the Satluj river in India
Subsea Separation presentationSunday Kanshio, PhDThis document discusses subsea separation as a new frontier for chemical engineers. It outlines the increasing demand for oil and gas production from deepwater fields and the challenges of subsea production systems. Subsea separation techniques including horizontal separators, vertical separators, caisson systems, and compact cyclonic separators are presented. The document highlights the need for further research to improve the understanding and design of compact subsea separators. Academic work at Cranfield University involving testing a prototype gas-liquid pipe cyclonic separator is summarized. The findings provide useful information on multiphase flow regimes inside separators and how they can influence phase separation performance.
Structural analysis & design iiiPriodeep ChowdhuryThe document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. Staying active also helps maintain a healthy weight and keeps muscles, bones and joints healthy as we age.
Barrage Gate Operation Rules and Silt Control Devices Report vikas rahangdaleThe document discusses the design and operation of barrages, which are low-head diversion dams that stabilize river water elevations for irrigation and other uses. It details the components of a barrage, including gates, fish ladders, and guide banks, as well as guidelines for operation during different flow conditions to minimize sediment entry and maintain water levels. Additionally, it describes structures such as silt excluders, employed to reduce the entry of sediment into canals drawing from the barrage.
Basic pipingVikas SuryavanshiThis document provides an overview of piping fundamentals for fresher engineers. It discusses what piping is, piping components like pipes, fittings, valves and instruments. It covers piping layout considerations, stress analysis, supports, insulation, material selection and critical piping systems. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate piping system design, modeling in software, drafting of P&IDs, and compliance with codes like ASME and IBR.
The Road to Saqqara ( Jack-up units and Move )Kamel ElsayedThis document provides an in-depth overview of jack-up systems used in offshore oil drilling, detailing their components, functions, and operational limits. It covers main structures like the hull, legs, and footings, discussing their roles in stability and load management, as well as different designs like cylindrical and trussed legs. The information highlights the historical context, technical specifications, and engineering considerations critical for the effective and safe operation of jack-up rigs.
DredgersHenderson International LLCDredging involves excavating underwater to gather and dispose of bottom sediments. It is used for maintaining waterways, replenishing beaches, and land reclamation and construction projects. There are several types of dredging including capital dredging for new harbors and waterways, preparatory dredging for future structures like bridges, and maintenance dredging to deepen waterways and keep reservoirs at their holding capacity by addressing silt and sediment buildup. Land reclamation dredging mines material from the seabed that is then used to construct new land and for flood and erosion control projects. Dredging plays an important role in maintaining global shipping routes and enabling expansion for new residential areas around the world.
Hydraulic workover and snubbing solutions, رضا مصطفوی طباطبایی Reza Mostafavi TabatabaeiThis document provides an introduction to hydraulic workover and snubbing solutions. It discusses the history of hydraulic workover which has been used since the 1920s. It defines snubbing as running and pulling tubulars with surface pressure present. It outlines the benefits of hydraulic workover such as remaining in production and completing work without killing the well. It also describes potential applications like fishing, drilling, completions, and abandonment. Finally, it explains the mechanics of hydraulic workovers including the use of traveling and stationary slips to move tubulars through blowout preventer rams.
AULA 4 - MISTURA RAPIDA.pdfSarahSucupira2O documento aborda o processo de mistura rápida no tratamento de água, destacando a importância da coagulação na eficiência das etapas subsequentes. Serão discutidos diferentes tipos de coagulantes, etapas e unidades de mistura, assim como os desafios enfrentados para uma mistura homogênea. O conteúdo também inclui recomendações para a instalação de difusores e especificações de projetos de estações de tratamento de água.
Obras de captacionlexier martinezEl documento describe diferentes métodos para la captación de agua, incluyendo la captación de agua de ríos, lagos y agua subterránea. Describe estructuras como pozos, cisternas y sistemas de bombeo que se pueden usar para captar agua de estas fuentes. También explica factores como la profundidad, velocidad de flujo y calidad del agua que deben considerarse al seleccionar un método de captación.
Conformance technology for water and gas floodingGuillermo Daniel CrinitiThis document discusses various water and gas conformance technologies used to improve sweep efficiency in oil reservoirs. It begins with an overview of water conformance methods like injection profile modification and BrightWater technology, providing a field case example from Alaska where BrightWater increased incremental oil production. It also summarizes gas conformance technologies, noting foams are commonly used to modify gas injection profiles or shut off high GOR wells. The document concludes with descriptions of polymer flooding, ZL Nano-spheres, and the status of foam applications in North Sea reservoirs.
Penstocks, powerhouse and tailraceRakesh Sunari MagarThis document discusses the key components of hydropower projects including penstocks, power houses, and tailraces. It describes the different types of penstocks such as exposed, embedded, and underground and their advantages and disadvantages. A power house contains the mechanical and electrical equipment needed to convert the kinetic energy of water into electricity. Tailraces return water back to the river after it has passed through turbines in the power house.
Critical flow through an Open channelAjoy Kumar SahaThis document discusses critical flow in hydraulic engineering. It defines critical flow criteria as when specific energy is minimum, discharge is maximum, and the Froude number equals 1. Critical flow is unstable, and the critical depth is calculated using the section factor formula. The section factor relates water area, hydraulic depth, discharge, and gravitational acceleration. Hydraulic exponent is also discussed as it relates the section factor and critical depth for different channel geometries. Methods for calculating critical depth include algebraic, graphical, and using design charts. The document concludes by defining flow control and characteristics of subcritical, critical, and supercritical flow in a channel.
l1intro to hydroelectric powerGhassan HadiThis document provides an introduction to hydroelectric power. It explains that hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It describes how hydroelectric systems work by using turbines connected to generators to convert the mechanical energy of moving water into electrical energy. The document also discusses different types of hydroelectric facilities including high-head dams, low-head run-of-river systems, and varying sizes from large to micro hydro plants. It concludes by giving examples of hydroelectric dams in Arizona.
HEC-RAS tutorial on single bridgeNureen AnishaThis document discusses using HEC-RAS software to analyze a river reach containing a single bridge. It outlines the input data needed, including geometric data and flow data. It then describes the steps to model the bridge, including adding the bridge, defining the geometry, and selecting modeling approaches. The document compares results from modeling the bridge as a pressure/weir and using the energy method. It notes that adjustments to contraction/expansion coefficients and cross section locations can improve results.
Hec rasKaran TyagiHEC-RAS is a computer program developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers for modeling the hydraulics of water flow through rivers and channels. It supports both steady and unsteady flow analysis and is utilized in floodplain management, bridge and culvert design, and environmental assessments. The software is in the public domain, widely accepted, and can be integrated with CAD and GIS applications for enhanced functionality.
Proje Kontrol Açıklamalı El Kitabı v.02.01Yusuf YıldızBu kitapçık T.M.M.O.B İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası İzmir ve Bursa Şubeleri tarafından, statik proje hazırlayan üyelerimize bir yol göstermesi ve kontrol hizmetinin daha sağlıklı yapılabilmesi için hazırlanmıştır.
Ders 11 Hızlı Kum Filtrasyonuenve-muhammedTipik Hızlı Yerçekimli Filtre Akış Şeması Hızlı Kum Filtrelerinin İzometrik Görünümü Temiz Su Yük Kaybı Hızlı Kum Filtrelerinde Geri Yıkama Geri Yıkama Ne Zaman Gerekli Olur Hızlı Yerçekimli Filtrelerin İşletme Sorunları Tasarım Örneği
2. Genel Bilgi Hidroelektrik santrallerde enerji üretimi için gerekli olan akımın, akarsudan çevrilip düzgün bir Ģekilde diğer yapılara iletilmesini sağlayan yapılara «Su Alma Yapıları» denmektedir. Su alma yapıları, suyu çevireceği kaynağa ve suyu ileteceği yapıya göre tasarlanmalıdır. Su alma yapılarının ortak özellikleri: Su alma yapısı bağlandığı iletim yapısına suyu kontrollü olarak verebilmelidir. Çevrilen akımı sedimentten ve yüzer malzemeden arındıracak Ģekilde tasarlanmalıdır.
3. Amaç Ġletim hattı tesislerine derede askıda bulunan malzemelerin giriĢini engellemek için çökeltme havuzu tesis edilmesi gerekebilir. Tersip bendi ve çakıl geçidi benzeri yapılarla iri danelerin iletim tesislerine girmesi engellenebilir, ancak bu yapılar küçük boyutlu malzemeleri temizlemek için yeterli değildir. Çökeltim havuzu tesis edilmesinin amacı, su iletim hatları ve türbinleri taĢınan malzemelerin hasar verici etkilerinden korumaktır. Çökeltim havuzları proje karakteristiklerine göre belirli büyüklükteki malzemeyi tutmak amacıyla tasarlanır.
6. Çökeltilmesi Gereken Sediment Boyutu Askıdaki malzemedeki belli boyutun üzerindeki parçacıklar temizlenmezse özellikle türbin çarkında yaratacağı zararlar yüksek olabilir. Tasarımda kullanılacak malzeme boyutu türbin tipine ve düĢüye bağlıdır.
*Çeçen, 1976
7. Çökeltilmesi Gereken Sediment Boyutu Sediment dane büyüklüğü: Ġri daneli sediment: Kum ve daha büyük parçalar Ġnce daneli sediment: Kil ve silt Sediment parçaları tam bir küresel yapıya sahip değillerdir. Malzeme çapı farklı yöntemlerle belirlenir. Sedimentasyon çapı: Aynı sıcaklıkta aynı çökelme hızına ve özgül ağırlığa sahip küresel bir parçacığın çapıdır. Elek çapı: Aynı elekten geçebilen küresel bir parçacığın çapıdır. Üç eksenli çap: Birbirine dik üç eksenin danenin ağırlık merkezinde olduğu varsayılarak üç eksendeki uzunluklar ölçülür ve üçünün aritmetik ortalaması alınır.
8. Dane ġekli ġekil faktörü, SF , danenin küreselliğini belirler ve üç eksenli ölçümde danenin en uzun ( a ), orta( b ) ve en kısa( c ) ölçümleri ile hesaplanır. 푆퐹= 푐 푎푏 Küresellik danenin ne kadar küresel olduğunu, yuvarlaklık ise danenin köĢeliliğini ve köĢelerin sivriliğini tanımlar. ġekil faktörü küresel parçacıklar için 1.0 olup, doğal kum için genelde 0.7 civarındadır.
9. Çökelme Hızı Bir sediment danesi durgun suya bırakıldığında ulaĢtığı maksimum sabit hız çökelme hızı olarak tanımlanır. Küresel dane için: 푤푓= 4Δ푔푑 3퐶푑 Δ=휌푠−휌/휌 d= dane çapı ρs= sediment yoğunluğu ρ= suyun yoğunluğu CD= sürtünme katsayısı Danenin Reynold Sayısı: 푅푒= 푤푓푑 푣 v= suyun kinematik viskozitesi Re<0.1 – katmanlı akım CD=24/Re Re>2.1 – türbülanslı akım CD=0.40 0.1<Re<2.1 – geçiĢ akımı 퐶퐷= 24 푅푒 + 3 푅푒 +0.34
10. Çökelme Hızı – Basit Hesaplamaları 20 ºC sıcaklıktaki suda kuartz kumunun çökelme hızı (Breusers ve Raudkivi, 1991) aĢağıdaki denklemlerle hesaplanabilir. (mm/s) 푤푓=663푑2 d < 0.15 mm 푤푓=134.5푑 d > 1.50 mm 0.15mm < d < 1.50 mm
* Sulama Kanalı ve HES’lerde Çökeltim Havuzu Kriterleri, Ada Mühendislik
11. Çökelme Hızı – Basit Hesaplamaları Rubey (1931) bütün çaplar için geçerli olan aĢağıdaki denklemi geliĢtirmiĢtir. (m/s) 푤푓= 1636휌푠;휌푑3:9휇20.5500푑 Çökelen bir grup parçacık arasında bir etkileĢim mevcuttur. Askıda baĢka parçacıkların bulunması tek bir danenin çökelme hızını azaltır. 푤푓푝=푤푓1−퐶훽 wfp : düzeltilmiĢ çökelme hızı C : askıdaki malzeme konsantrasyonudur (lt/lt) β : D*<40 4.67; D*≥800 2.35; Diğer 훽=7.48퐷∗ ;0.129 D* : Boyutsuz dane büyüklüğü (Van Rijn, 1984) 퐷∗= Δ푔푑3 푣213
12. Özgül Ağırlık 훾= 푊푘푢푟푢 푉 γ : Kuru özgül ağırlık Wkuru : Kuru ağırlık V : Hacim
* Sulama Kanalı ve HES’lerde Çökeltim Havuzu Kriterleri, Ada Mühendislik
14. Boyutlandırma B : Net geniĢlik H : Derinlik L : Etkili Boy
* Sulama Kanalı ve HES’lerde Çökeltim Havuzu Kriterleri, Ada Mühendislik
15. Boyutlandırma 푄=푉∗퐵∗퐻 Sediment danesinin yatay hızı akımın hızına eĢit kabul edilir. Sediment danesi düĢeyde kendi ağırlığının etkisi ile hareket eder. 푥=푉푡; 푦=푤푓푡 푥= 푦∗푉 푤푓 Dolayısıyla; 퐿≥ 푉 푤푓 ∗퐻
16. Boyutlandırma Türbülanslı akım hızının düĢey bileĢeni çökelen sediment danesi üzerinde yukarı doğru bir kuvvet oluĢturur. 퐿≥ 푉 푤푓;푤푓 ′∗퐻 wf’=Türbülanslı akım düĢey bileĢeni 푤푓 ′= 0.312 퐻 ∗푉 (Mosonyi, 1965) 퐿= 푉퐻 32 푤푓퐻 12 ;0.132푉
17. Boyutlandırma Granüler yatak malzemesi için izin verilen maksimum ortalama hızlar (Masonyi, 1965)
Düzeltme Kaysayısı (V’=αV)
* Sulama Kanalı ve HES’lerde Çökeltim Havuzu Kriterleri, Ada Mühendislik
18. Boyutlandırma Camp (1946) deneysel çalıĢmaları sonucunda sediment dane çapı «d» ile maksimum akıĢ hızı «V» arasındaki iliĢkiyi aĢağıdaki denklem ile ifade etmiĢtir. 푉=훼푑 V = havuzdaki kritik hız (cm/s) d = dane çapı (mm) α = 36 d > 1 mm α = 44 0.1 mm < d < 1 mm α = 51 d < 0.1 mm
19. Boyutlandırma Örnek I* Q= 10 m3/s Tutulması istenen malzeme boyutu: 0.5 mm
* Sulama Kanalı ve HES’lerde Çökeltim Havuzu Kriterleri, Ada Mühendislik
20. Boyutlandırma – Sümer Yöntemi Bilinenler: Trapez kanalın giriĢinde taban kotu (K1) Kanal yan duvar eğimi 1D:1.5Y Su derinliği, y1 Debi, Q Kanal geniĢliği, Bc
* Applied Water Resources Engineering, A. Melih Yanmaz
21. Boyutlandırma – Sümer Yöntemi Sümer Yöntemi’ne göre çözüm mansaptan membaya doğru enerji denklemleri çözülerek yapılır. Trapez kanaldaki su derinliği Manning denkleminden hesaplanır. Dikdörtgen kanaldan trapez kanala geçiĢteki kayıp: Δ퐻푡=퐶푡 푢12;푢222푔 Ct = 0.3 (Doğrusal geçiĢler için) Kesit 2’deki su derinliği: 푦1+ 푢122푔 +퐶푡 푢12;푢222푔 =푦2+ 푢222푔 GeçiĢ bölgesi uzunluğu (Lt): 퐿푡=2.35퐵1−퐵푐+1.65푧푦2
22. Boyutlandırma – Sümer Yöntemi Kesit 3’e akımı düzenlemek ve çökelme havuzu temizliği sırasında kanala su giriĢini önlemek için kapak yerleĢtirilir. Kapak açıklığından geçen akım hızı (u3): 푢3= 푄 퐵3푛푦3=퐾2푔Δ퐻푔푙 K : Orifis katsayısı, 0.65 ΔHgl : Kapak kaybı Kesit 3’teki su derinliği: 푦3+ 푢322푔 =푦2+ 푢222푔 +Δ퐻푔푙
23. Boyutlandırma – Sümer Yöntemi Çökeltim havuzundan kanala geçiĢte kurp olabilir. Kurp kaybı: Δ퐻푐=퐶푐 푢32;푢422푔 Cc=0.2 Kesit 4’teki su derinliği: 푦3+ 푢322푔 +0.2 푢32;푢422푔 =푦4+ 푢422푔
24. Boyutlandırma – Sümer Yöntemi Çökeltim havuzunun sonuna toplanan sedimenti yıkama kanalına gönderebilmek için bir eĢik yapılır. 푦5+ 푢522푔 =푦4+ 푢422푔 +Δ푠푢+Δ퐻푒 Δsu : EĢik yüksekliği ΔHe : EĢik kaybı 푄=2.88퐵푠 23Δ퐻푒 32 +푦4Δ퐻푒
25. Boyutlandırma – Sümer Yöntemi Çökeltim havuzunun uzunluğu: 퐿=− 6 푢푠 푢∗ 푦 휅휆 ln1−푟 us : Ortalama hız u* : Sürtünme hızı 푔푅푆0푠 0.5 κ : Von Karman katsayısı (0.42) λ : Boyutsuz hız 휆=8.8훽1.17 훽= 푤푓 휅푢∗ r : Ayrılacak sediment oranı 푦5+ 푢522푔 +Δ퐻푠=퐿푠푆0푠+푦6+ 푢622푔
26. Boyutlandırma – Sümer Yöntemi Çökeltim havuzunun giriĢinde bir basamak (Δsd) bulunabilir. Bu basamak yapısındaki kayıp (ΔHes) 0.02 m alınır. Δ푠푑+푦7+ 푢722푔 =푦6+ 푢622푔 +0.02 Dalgıç perdenin olduğu yerdeki kayıp (ΔHei) : 푢8≈ 푄 퐵푠푛푦7=0.652푔Δ퐻푒푖 푦8+ 푢822푔 =푦7+ 푢722푔 +Δ퐻푒푖
27. Boyutlandırma – Sümer Yöntemi Yatak malzemesinin havuza giriĢini önlemek için giriĢte Δu yüksekliğindeki eĢik inĢa edilir. Buradaki kayıp (ΔHi): 푄=2.88퐵푠 23Δ퐻푖 32 +푦8Δ퐻푖 Izgaradaki kayıp (ΔHtr): Δ퐻푡푟=1.45− 0.45퐴푛 퐴푔 − 퐴푛 퐴푔 2 푢푛 22푔 Dalgıç perdenin olduğu yerdeki kayıp (ΔHei) : 푢8≈ 푄 퐵푠푛푦7=0.652푔Δ퐻푒푖 푦8+ 푢822푔 =푦7+ 푢722푔 +Δ퐻푒푖 퐾푤푖=퐾푤7+ 푢722푔 +Δ퐻푒푖+Δ퐻푖+Δ퐻푡푟− 푢822푔 Dalgalanma payı da düĢünülerek su seviyesi 10 cm arttırılabilir.
28. Boyutlandırma Örnek II (Sümer Yöntemi) Bilinenler: Trapez kanalın giriĢinde taban kotu (K1): 0.00 m Kanal yan duvar eğimi 1D:1.5Y Debi, Q: 15 m3/s Kanal geniĢliği, Bc: 2.00 m Kanal eğimi: 0.0004 Manning katsayısı, n: 0.016
Q
29. Havuz Boyutlarının Belirlenmesi T= 푡 푉푠 = 퐿 푉 = 퐿 푄 퐵∗푡 t : Çökeltim havuzu ortalama derinliği (m) Vs : Danenin durgun su içinde çökme hızı (m/s) L : Çökeltim havuzu boyu (m) B : Çökeltim havuzu geniĢliği (m) Q : Geçen debi (m3/s) V : Ortalama hız (m/s) T : Çökelme süresi (s) 푉푠= 푄 퐿∗퐵 푉푠= 3600∗푄 퐿∗퐵 (m/saat)