surface water

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Surface water includes water found in oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, and glaciers. In Pakistan, surface water primarily comes from the Indus River and its tributaries, and is an important source of fresh water, providing 154 MAF annually on average. It is used heavily for irrigation via Pakistan's extensive canal system of large dams, barrages, and canals. However, surface water availability is declining due to factors like increasing population, water pollution, and more water being used by industries. The three major dams that provide surface water for irrigation are Tarbela Dam on the Indus, Mangla Dam on the Jhelum, and Warsak Dam on the Kabul River.

SURFACE WATER
AHSAN SALEEM
E010
Department of Agronomy

Surface water
The water which is present on the surface
of the earth. This includes
? oceans
?lakes
?rivers
?wetlands
?glacier

?Public supply
?Irrigation
?Thermoelectric power
?Livestock
?Aquaculture
Uses of surface water

Surface water account in Pakistan
MAF
Average annual volume of water
from rainfall and snow melt
154.00
From Western Rivers 144.91
From Eastern Rivers 9.14
Diversion for irrigation 104.73
Flow to sea 39.40
System losses 9.90

.
Detail of surface water availability in Pakistan
River Average
annual flow
(1922-61)
Average
annual flow
(1985-95)
Average
annual flow
(2001-02)
Indus 93 62.7 48.0
Jhelum 23 26.6 11.85
Chenab 26 27.5 12.38
Ravi 7 5.0 1.47
Sutlej 14 3.6 0.02
Kabul 26 23.4 18.9
Total 189 148.8 92.62
MAF

?In Pakistan surface water is provided for irrigation
through canal system at very cheap rate.
?Canal system of Pakistan is best among other worldwide
?In this system Pakistan have:
Large Dams 3
Barrages 19
Canals 57

?Tarbela Dam:
?On Indus river
?Construction started in 1968
and completed in 1976.
?cost of $1,497 million.
?Total capacity of the dam is
9.67maf.

?Mangla Dam
?On Jhelum river
?The construction was
began in 1961 and
completed in 1967.
?cost of $1.473
billion.
?It is designed to store
5.88 MAF water .

?Warsak Dam
?On Kabul river.
?It was completed in two
phases. First phase
completed in 1960 and the
second phase was completed
in 1980-81
?Cost $399 million.
?storage capacity of 25,300
acre-feet of water for
irrigation

Now a days surface water is rapidly decreasing
by
?Unusual water used by human
?Most of water use by industries
?Water pollution
?Increase in population
?Shortage of reservoirs

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一比一原版(鲍辞蹿罢毕业证书)多伦多大学毕业证如何办理taqyed

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surface water

1. SURFACE WATER AHSAN SALEEM E010 Department of Agronomy

2. Surface water The water which is present on the surface of the earth. This includes ? oceans ?lakes ?rivers ?wetlands ?glacier

3. ?Public supply ?Irrigation ?Thermoelectric power ?Livestock ?Aquaculture Uses of surface water

4. Fresh surface water

5. Surface water account in Pakistan MAF Average annual volume of water from rainfall and snow melt 154.00 From Western Rivers 144.91 From Eastern Rivers 9.14 Diversion for irrigation 104.73 Flow to sea 39.40 System losses 9.90

6. . Detail of surface water availability in Pakistan River Average annual flow (1922-61) Average annual flow (1985-95) Average annual flow (2001-02) Indus 93 62.7 48.0 Jhelum 23 26.6 11.85 Chenab 26 27.5 12.38 Ravi 7 5.0 1.47 Sutlej 14 3.6 0.02 Kabul 26 23.4 18.9 Total 189 148.8 92.62 MAF

7. ?In Pakistan surface water is provided for irrigation through canal system at very cheap rate. ?Canal system of Pakistan is best among other worldwide ?In this system Pakistan have: Large Dams 3 Barrages 19 Canals 57

8. ?Tarbela Dam: ?On Indus river ?Construction started in 1968 and completed in 1976. ?cost of $1,497 million. ?Total capacity of the dam is 9.67maf.

9. ?Mangla Dam ?On Jhelum river ?The construction was began in 1961 and completed in 1967. ?cost of $1.473 billion. ?It is designed to store 5.88 MAF water .

10. ?Warsak Dam ?On Kabul river. ?It was completed in two phases. First phase completed in 1960 and the second phase was completed in 1980-81 ?Cost $399 million. ?storage capacity of 25,300 acre-feet of water for irrigation

11. Now a days surface water is rapidly decreasing by ?Unusual water used by human ?Most of water use by industries ?Water pollution ?Increase in population ?Shortage of reservoirs