Sustainable Soil Surfactants for Turfgrass Management
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This document discusses research into sustainable surfactants for turfgrass irrigation. Alkyl polyglucoside esters were developed that maintain the favorable properties of APGs while improving wetting efficacy. Testing found the esters enhanced water penetration rates and infiltration compared to untreated controls and other surfactants. Combining esters with block copolymers showed synergistic effects. The esters show potential as effective and environmentally-friendly adjuvants to improve water and nutrient delivery to turfgrass roots. Further research is ongoing to explore these surfactant properties.
![Mini Disk Infiltrometer (MDI)
Infiltration = I = C1t + C2t
Hydraulic Conductivity = k = C1/A
where C1 is the slope of the curve of
cumulative infiltration vs square root of time
and A = 11.65(n0.1-1)exp [2.92(n-1.9)留h0]
(留r0)0.91
related to soil parameters
Property of Decagon Devices, 2007.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/astmpresentation-bially2010-final-101018082827-phpapp02/85/Sustainable-Soil-Surfactants-for-Turfgrass-Management-24-320.jpg)
Sustainable Soil Surfactants for Turfgrass Management
- 1. Sustainable Soil Surfactants for Turfgrass Management DATE AUTHOR October 13, 2010 PAUL T. BIALLY
- 2. Irrigation Efficiency in Turfgrass Systems Water use efficiency and conservation are essential for sustainable turfgrass management. The slightest water deficits can impact turf health, appearance, and performance. Excessive irrigation can be equally detrimental leading to increased erosion, run-off, nutrient leaching, disease susceptibility, and resource costs.
- 3. Irrigation Efficiency in Turfgrass Systems Achieved when turf being irrigated uses most of the water applied by irrigation systems. Dependent on: 1. water being applied as uniformly as possible 2. water being applied in proper amounts at appropriate time intervals source
- 4. Irrigation Efficiency Benefits Improved appearance Better playing conditions (golf, sports fields) Reduced water use Reduced runoff and leaching Reduced agrochemical usage Reduced pump operation, energy, and maintenance costs source
- 5. Mechanical Advances Are Essential Allow growers to Unable to control delivery control timing, of applied water below the duration, and surface and into the root uniformity of water zone, where many applied to the plant agronomic and economic and soil surface. benefits are realized.
- 6. The Impact of Impervious Land Cover* Natural Ground Cover 10-20% Impervious Surface 10% Runoff 20% Runoff 35-50% Impervious Surface 75-100% Impervious Surface 55% Runoff 30% Runoff *roads, parking lots, sidewalks, roof tops, patios, etc.
- 8. Esterified
- 9. Water Droplet Interaction with the Land Surface air air water water land surface land surface contact angle <90属 90属 or greater infiltration no infiltration influenced biochemically by oils and waxes from plants, microbes, agrochemical residue, pollutants, etc.
- 10. Prior Discoveries * Intellectual property of Aquatrols Corp (Paulsboro, NJ, USA)
- 11. Irrigation Surfactant Development There is an ongoing need for new technologies with superior performance and environmental profiles.
- 13. Organic Chemistry of Esters Esterification: O O RCOH + ROH RCOR + H2O ACID ALCOHOL ESTER Carboxylic acid derivatives in which hydroxyl group (-OH) is replaced by an alkoxy group (-OR)
- 14. Synthesis of Alkyl Polyglucosides OH O OH OH OH HO H+ OH + n -H O 2 GLUCOSE FATTY OH ALCOHOL O OH OH O OH O OH OH O OH n m ALKYL POLYGLUCOSIDE
- 15. Synthesis of Alkyl Polyglucoside Esters (AGEs) OH O OH OH O OH O OH OH O OH n m Alkylpolyglucoside + 1) Maleic Anhydride 1) Citric Acid 1) Tartaric Acid 2) Sodium Sulfite 2) Sodium Hydroxide 2) Sodium Hydroxide Alkylpolyglucoside Alkylpolyglucoside Alkylpolyglucoside Sulfosuccinate Citrate Tartrate
- 16. AGEs Retain Favorable APG Properties Free from dioxane, Derived from Biodegradable, ethylene oxide, and natural, renewable not harmful to nitrosamine raw materials the environment precursors Strong biological Mild to skin and performance as non-irritating to built-in and tank the eyes mix adjuvants
- 17. AGEs Offer Unique Efficacy PATENT PENDING ISAA 2007 ISAA 2010
- 18. Hydrophobicity* Effects on Water Penetration 1% 5% 10% WETTABLE WETTABLE REPELLENT 15% 20% 50% STRONGLY IMPERVIOUS IMPERVIOUS REPELLENT *Dimethyldichlorosilane treatments
- 19. Droplet Penetration Effects WDPT (s) Treatment 8000mgL-1 2000mgL-1 1000mgL-1 500mgL-1 Citrate Ester 2.0 52.6 68.0 155.0 Tartrate Ester 2.0 61.4 83.3 180.0 Sulfosuccinate Ester 2.8 65.2 100.7 135.0 L61 4.2 110.6 128.3 325.9 31R1 5.5 121.0 284.2 471.8 L62 8.0 152.7 167.9 468.4 25R2 9.8 203.3 394.4 >600 L64 8.0 511.4 >600 >600 APG (C8-10) 3.0 >600 >600 >600 APG (C9-11) 3.0 >600 >600 >600 Top 3 performers in GREEN
- 20. Droplet Penetration Effects Time (s) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 8000mgL-1 2000mgL-1 1000mgL-1 500mgL-1
- 21. Favorable Combinations with Commonly Used Surfactants WDPT (s) Treatment 2000mgL-1 L61 Block Copolymer 305.9 APG (C8-10) 280.9 1:1 APG to L61 72.7 Sulfosuccinate Ester 23.4 1:1 SS to L61 5.0 OTS-treated sand
- 22. Effect of Blending Ratio on Wetting Efficacy WDPT (s) 2000mgL-1 Treatment 3:1 1:1 1:3 Citrate Ester + Block Copolymer 71.8 37.2 330.0 Tartrate Ester + Block Copolymer 51.8 41.6 128 Sulfosuccinate Ester + Block Copolymer 140 57.8 480 OTS-treated sand GREEN denotes synergies
- 23. Mini Disk Infiltrometer (MDI) Measures hydraulic conductivity and infiltration rate of the medium it is placed upon. Can also be used to measure soil water repellency index and evaluate wetting agent efficacy. bottom view Property of Decagon Devices, 2007.
- 24. Mini Disk Infiltrometer (MDI) Infiltration = I = C1t + C2t Hydraulic Conductivity = k = C1/A where C1 is the slope of the curve of cumulative infiltration vs square root of time and A = 11.65(n0.1-1)exp [2.92(n-1.9)留h0] (留r0)0.91 related to soil parameters Property of Decagon Devices, 2007.
- 25. Hydrophobicity* Effects on Water Penetration Rate 1% 5% 10% 1.4 mL/s 1.3 mL/s 1.0 mL/s 15% 20% 50% 0.7 mL/s 0.0 mL/s 0.0 mL/s *Dimethyldichlorosilane treatments
- 26. Natural Variations in Infiltration Rate (mL/s) 0.23 0.13 0.13 15ft 0.33 0.27 0.23 0.30 0.33 0.40 15ft
- 27. Infiltration Rate (mL/s) following 1.0 Rain Event Mean Infiltration Rate Time after rain mL/s mL/min 30 minutes 0.47 28 24 hours 0.30 18 48 hours 0.20 12 72 hours 0.10 6 96 hours 0.10 6
- 28. Infiltration Rate (mL/s) with Surfactant Treatment Mean Infiltration Rate -1 Treatment (500mgL ) mL/s mL/min Control (96 hr) 0.10 6 C8-10 APG 0.10 6 L62 0.13 8 Citrate Ester 0.15 9 Tartrate Ester 0.15 9 Sulfosuccinate ester 0.17 10 1:1 EC to L62 0.23 14
- 29. Conclusions and Future Outlook Performance advantages are apparent in the esterification of nonionic APGs. APG esters can be highly effective at delivering irrigation water and agrochemicals to the root zone of turfgrass. Synergies are apparent with commonly used surfactants. Patent pending. Research is underway to further investigate these properties.