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This document discusses the prediction of quasifission reactions for producing 188Pt* through nuclear systems with ZPZT ~1000. It summarizes that quasifission was previously thought to only occur when ZPZT ≥ 1600, but more recent work has shown it can start around ZPZT ~1000. The study proposes two systems, 50Ti + 138Ba and 16O + 172Yb, which form 188Pt* but have different ZPZT values. Suppression of fusion cross sections and anomalous fission fragment properties are indicators of quasifission. Theoretical predictions using coupled channel and statistical codes show the 50Ti + 138Ba system exhibits a suppressed evaporation residue cross section, indicating a significant quasifission contribution.
![Prediction of quasifission reaction for the production of 188
Pt*
through the system with ZPZT ~1000
K.K. Rajesh1
* , M.M. Musthafa 1
1
Department of Physics, University of Calicut , kerala - 673635, INDIA
.
* email: rajeshmlpm@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
A nuclear reaction is a process whereby a
nucleus is transformed from one species into
another. There are five basic types of nuclear
reactions: elastic scattering, inelastic scattering,
radiative capture, particle ejection and fission.
Elastic scattering reactions involve no kinetic
energy transferred into nuclear excitation.
Inelastic scattering, on the other hand, results in
the nucleus being raised to an excited state.
In the case of radiative capture, the incident
particle is absorbed into the nucleus, thus raising
the energy level of the nucleus. The compound
nucleus then emits a photon to rid itself of the
excess energy. In a particle ejection reaction, the
compound nucleus releases excess energy by
emitting a particle. The fission reaction results in
the nucleus breaking apart into two fission
fragments and releases a large amount of energy.
Fission reactions produce additional neutrons
which may be available to initiate further fission
reactions.
The quasi-fission - or fast-fission – reaction
is intermediate between deep-inelastic scattering
and fission of the fully equilibrated compound
nucleus. Suppression in the evaporation residue
cross section, anomalous fission fragment
angular distribution and broadening in the fission
fragment mass distribution are considered as
signatures of fusion hindrance or quasifission.
Asymmetric fission due to the contribution from
NCN fission has also been reported.
PRESENT STUDY
Earlier it was predicted that the quasifission
occurs only when ZPZT ≥ 1600[1]. However,
recently it has been established that the onset of
quasifission starts as early as ZPZT ∼1000 [2],
where ZP is the atomic number of projectile and
ZT is the atomic number of target. With this
finding as motivation, we have proposed two
systems 50
Ti + 138
Ba and 16
O + 172
Yb , both
forming the same compound nucleus 188
Pt*. The
ZPZT value of first system is 1232 and that of the
second system is 560.
Many studies have already established [3-6]
the suppression of fusion cross section as an
indicator of quasifission. For example, in a
reaction [7] that involves three systems, 50
Ti +
170
Er (ZPZT = 1496) , 34
S + 186
W (ZPZT = 1184)
and 16
O + 204
Pb (ZPZT = 656) , all of them form
same compound nucleus 220
Th, it is found that
the fusion cross section is suppressed for 50
Ti +
170
Er and 34
S + 186
W. A plot showing the width
of the mass distribution against excitation energy
is shown in Fig1.
Fig. 1 The standard deviations (σM) of the
Gaussian fit to the mass ratio distributions are
plotted as a function of the compound nucleus
excitation energy.
If we plot a graph between excitation
energy and fusion cross section for the same
excitation energies of two different systems,
forming same compound nucleus, then the
system with quasifission will show a suppressed
Proceedings of the DAE Symp. on Nucl. Phys. 59 (2014) 594
Available online at www.sympnp.org/proceedings](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/300a7ea5-2dd8-4a6f-ba4a-8d6b28c6b713-170126160948/85/symposium-2014-1-320.jpg)
![evaporation residue cross section. For the
systems 48
Ca + 154
Sm and 16
O + 186
W forming
same compound nucleus 202
Pb*[8], the excitation
energy versus fusion cross section graph is
shown in Fig.2. Quasifission reaction has been
reported for 48
Ca + 154
Sm system.
Fig.2 Reduced ER excitation functions. A
fusion hindrance effect is anyway present in the
excitation energy range 80-90MeV
The experimental probes for the study of
quasifission are generally fission fragment
angular distribution and evaporation residue
cross section measurement. In the case of
fragment angular distribution, a higher level of
anisotropy indicates the presence of quasifission.
The evaporation residue cross section will be a
much lower for a quasifission reaction. But there
are many instances [9-10] where the two probes
are giving diametrically opposite results.
The theoretical predictions, using coupled
channel code CCFULL and statistical code
PACE, for the proposed systems are as shown in
Fig.3. It can be seen that 50
Ti + 138
Ba show a
suppressed fusion cross section.
Fig.3 Suppression in the ER cross section
of 50
Ti + 138
Ba is predicted.
This indicates that, there is a significant
contribution due to quasifission in the case of
50
Ti + 138
Ba. It is expected that the predicted
quasifission reaction may be experimentally
verified during the upcoming beam time at
15UD Pelletron accelerator facility of the Inter
University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New
Delhi.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We sincerely acknowledge the technical
support and theoretical suggestions extended by
Dr E. Prasad of School of Mathematical and
Physical Sciences, Central university, Nileshwar,
Kerala.
REFERENCES
[1]W. J. Swiatecki, Phys. Scr. 24, 113 (1981)
[2]R. Rafiei et al, PHYSICAL REVIEW C 77,
024606 (2008)
[3]T. K. Ghosh et al , PHYSICAL REVIEW C
70, 011604(R) (2004)
[4]BB. Back et al, Journal of Physics:
Conference Series 282 (2011) 012003
[5]D. J. Hinde et al, Journal of Nuclear and
Radiochemical Sciences,Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.
31–38, 2002
[6]E. Prasad et al, Proceedings of the DAE
Symp. on Nucl. Phys. 56 (2011)
[7]Monica Trotta et al, Progress of Theoretical
Physics, Vol. 20, No. 20
[8]R. G. Thomas et al , PHYSICAL REVIEW
C 77, 034610 (2008)
[9]D. J. Hinde et al., Phys Rev Lett 74, 1295
(1995)
[10]K. Nishio et al., Phys Rev Lett 93, 162701
(2004)
Proceedings of the DAE Symp. on Nucl. Phys. 59 (2014) 595
Available online at www.sympnp.org/proceedings](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/300a7ea5-2dd8-4a6f-ba4a-8d6b28c6b713-170126160948/85/symposium-2014-2-320.jpg)
symposium 2014
- 1. Prediction of quasifission reaction for the production of 188 Pt* through the system with ZPZT ~1000 K.K. Rajesh1 * , M.M. Musthafa 1 1 Department of Physics, University of Calicut , kerala - 673635, INDIA . * email: rajeshmlpm@yahoo.com INTRODUCTION A nuclear reaction is a process whereby a nucleus is transformed from one species into another. There are five basic types of nuclear reactions: elastic scattering, inelastic scattering, radiative capture, particle ejection and fission. Elastic scattering reactions involve no kinetic energy transferred into nuclear excitation. Inelastic scattering, on the other hand, results in the nucleus being raised to an excited state. In the case of radiative capture, the incident particle is absorbed into the nucleus, thus raising the energy level of the nucleus. The compound nucleus then emits a photon to rid itself of the excess energy. In a particle ejection reaction, the compound nucleus releases excess energy by emitting a particle. The fission reaction results in the nucleus breaking apart into two fission fragments and releases a large amount of energy. Fission reactions produce additional neutrons which may be available to initiate further fission reactions. The quasi-fission - or fast-fission – reaction is intermediate between deep-inelastic scattering and fission of the fully equilibrated compound nucleus. Suppression in the evaporation residue cross section, anomalous fission fragment angular distribution and broadening in the fission fragment mass distribution are considered as signatures of fusion hindrance or quasifission. Asymmetric fission due to the contribution from NCN fission has also been reported. PRESENT STUDY Earlier it was predicted that the quasifission occurs only when ZPZT ≥ 1600[1]. However, recently it has been established that the onset of quasifission starts as early as ZPZT ∼1000 [2], where ZP is the atomic number of projectile and ZT is the atomic number of target. With this finding as motivation, we have proposed two systems 50 Ti + 138 Ba and 16 O + 172 Yb , both forming the same compound nucleus 188 Pt*. The ZPZT value of first system is 1232 and that of the second system is 560. Many studies have already established [3-6] the suppression of fusion cross section as an indicator of quasifission. For example, in a reaction [7] that involves three systems, 50 Ti + 170 Er (ZPZT = 1496) , 34 S + 186 W (ZPZT = 1184) and 16 O + 204 Pb (ZPZT = 656) , all of them form same compound nucleus 220 Th, it is found that the fusion cross section is suppressed for 50 Ti + 170 Er and 34 S + 186 W. A plot showing the width of the mass distribution against excitation energy is shown in Fig1. Fig. 1 The standard deviations (σM) of the Gaussian fit to the mass ratio distributions are plotted as a function of the compound nucleus excitation energy. If we plot a graph between excitation energy and fusion cross section for the same excitation energies of two different systems, forming same compound nucleus, then the system with quasifission will show a suppressed Proceedings of the DAE Symp. on Nucl. Phys. 59 (2014) 594 Available online at www.sympnp.org/proceedings
- 2. evaporation residue cross section. For the systems 48 Ca + 154 Sm and 16 O + 186 W forming same compound nucleus 202 Pb*[8], the excitation energy versus fusion cross section graph is shown in Fig.2. Quasifission reaction has been reported for 48 Ca + 154 Sm system. Fig.2 Reduced ER excitation functions. A fusion hindrance effect is anyway present in the excitation energy range 80-90MeV The experimental probes for the study of quasifission are generally fission fragment angular distribution and evaporation residue cross section measurement. In the case of fragment angular distribution, a higher level of anisotropy indicates the presence of quasifission. The evaporation residue cross section will be a much lower for a quasifission reaction. But there are many instances [9-10] where the two probes are giving diametrically opposite results. The theoretical predictions, using coupled channel code CCFULL and statistical code PACE, for the proposed systems are as shown in Fig.3. It can be seen that 50 Ti + 138 Ba show a suppressed fusion cross section. Fig.3 Suppression in the ER cross section of 50 Ti + 138 Ba is predicted. This indicates that, there is a significant contribution due to quasifission in the case of 50 Ti + 138 Ba. It is expected that the predicted quasifission reaction may be experimentally verified during the upcoming beam time at 15UD Pelletron accelerator facility of the Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We sincerely acknowledge the technical support and theoretical suggestions extended by Dr E. Prasad of School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Central university, Nileshwar, Kerala. REFERENCES [1]W. J. Swiatecki, Phys. Scr. 24, 113 (1981) [2]R. Rafiei et al, PHYSICAL REVIEW C 77, 024606 (2008) [3]T. K. Ghosh et al , PHYSICAL REVIEW C 70, 011604(R) (2004) [4]BB. Back et al, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 282 (2011) 012003 [5]D. J. Hinde et al, Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences,Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 31–38, 2002 [6]E. Prasad et al, Proceedings of the DAE Symp. on Nucl. Phys. 56 (2011) [7]Monica Trotta et al, Progress of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 20, No. 20 [8]R. G. Thomas et al , PHYSICAL REVIEW C 77, 034610 (2008) [9]D. J. Hinde et al., Phys Rev Lett 74, 1295 (1995) [10]K. Nishio et al., Phys Rev Lett 93, 162701 (2004) Proceedings of the DAE Symp. on Nucl. Phys. 59 (2014) 595 Available online at www.sympnp.org/proceedings