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Synapses

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M Sohail Raza

Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of

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Synapses BY : Dr. Muhammad Sohail Raza M.S PT
Defination: Synapse is the junction between two neurons. It is not an anatomical continuation. But, it is only a physiological continuity between two nerve cells. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNAPSE Synapse is classified by two methods: A. Anatomical classification B. Functional classification.
ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION Usually synapse is formed by axon of one neuron ending on the cell body, dendrite or axon of the next neuron. Depending upon ending of axon, synapse is classified into three types: 1. Axoaxonic synapse in which axon of one neuron terminates on axon of another neuron 2. Axodendritic synapse in which the axon of one neuron terminates on dendrite of another neuron 3. Axosomatic synapse in which axon of one neuron ends on soma (cell body) of another neuron
Synapses
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION Functional classification of synapse is on the basis of mode of impulse transmission 1. Electrical Synapse Electrical synapse is the synapse in which the physiological continuity between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neurons is provided by gap junction between the two neurons. 2. Chemical synapse Is the junction between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber or between two nerve fibers, through which the signals are transmitted by the release of chemical transmitter
Synapses
On the basis of functions, synapses are divided into two types: 1. Excitatory synapses, which transmit the impulses (excitatory function) Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is the non propagated electrical potential that develops during the process of synaptic transmission 2. Inhibitory synapses, which inhibit the transmission of impulses (inhibitory function Postsynaptic or Direct Inhibition Postsynaptic inhibition (IPSP) is the type of synaptic inhibition that occurs due to the release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminal instead of an excitatory neurotransmitter substance. It is also called direct inhibition. Inhibitory neurotransmitters are gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine and glycine
PROPERTIES OF SYNAPSE 1. ONE WAY CONDUCTION BELL- MAGENDIE LAW According to BellMagendie law, the impulses are transmitted only in one direction in synapse, i.e. from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
2. SYNAPTIC DELAY Synaptic delay is a short delay that occurs during the transmission of impulses through the synapse. It is due to the time taken for: i. Release of neurotransmitter ii. Passage of neurotransmitter from axon terminal to postsynaptic membrane iii. Action of the neurotransmitter to open the ionic channels in postsynaptic membrane. Normal duration = is 0.3 to 0.5 millisecond.
3. Fatigue Fatigue at synapse is due to the depletion of neurotransmitter substance, acetylcholine. Depletion of acetylcholine occurs because of two factors: i. Soon after the action, acetylcholine is destroyed by acetylcholinesterase ii. Due to continuous action, new acetylcholine is not synthesized.
4. SUMMATION Summation is the fusion of effects or progressive increase in the excitatory postsynaptic potential in post synaptic neuron when many presynaptic excitatory terminals are stimulated simultaneously or when single presynaptic terminal is stimulated repeatedly. i. Spatial Summation Spatial summation occurs when many presynaptic terminals are stimulated simultaneously ii. Temporal Summation Temporal summation occurs when one presynaptic terminal is stimulated repeatedly.
Synapses
5. ELECTRICAL PROPERTY Electrical properties of the synapse are the EPSP and IPSP
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Synapses

  • 1. Synapses BY : Dr. Muhammad Sohail Raza M.S PT
  • 2. Defination: Synapse is the junction between two neurons. It is not an anatomical continuation. But, it is only a physiological continuity between two nerve cells. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNAPSE Synapse is classified by two methods: A. Anatomical classification B. Functional classification.
  • 3. ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION Usually synapse is formed by axon of one neuron ending on the cell body, dendrite or axon of the next neuron. Depending upon ending of axon, synapse is classified into three types: 1. Axoaxonic synapse in which axon of one neuron terminates on axon of another neuron 2. Axodendritic synapse in which the axon of one neuron terminates on dendrite of another neuron 3. Axosomatic synapse in which axon of one neuron ends on soma (cell body) of another neuron
  • 5. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION Functional classification of synapse is on the basis of mode of impulse transmission 1. Electrical Synapse Electrical synapse is the synapse in which the physiological continuity between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neurons is provided by gap junction between the two neurons. 2. Chemical synapse Is the junction between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber or between two nerve fibers, through which the signals are transmitted by the release of chemical transmitter
  • 7. On the basis of functions, synapses are divided into two types: 1. Excitatory synapses, which transmit the impulses (excitatory function) Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is the non propagated electrical potential that develops during the process of synaptic transmission 2. Inhibitory synapses, which inhibit the transmission of impulses (inhibitory function Postsynaptic or Direct Inhibition Postsynaptic inhibition (IPSP) is the type of synaptic inhibition that occurs due to the release of an inhibitory neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminal instead of an excitatory neurotransmitter substance. It is also called direct inhibition. Inhibitory neurotransmitters are gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine and glycine
  • 8. PROPERTIES OF SYNAPSE 1. ONE WAY CONDUCTION BELL- MAGENDIE LAW According to BellMagendie law, the impulses are transmitted only in one direction in synapse, i.e. from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
  • 9. 2. SYNAPTIC DELAY Synaptic delay is a short delay that occurs during the transmission of impulses through the synapse. It is due to the time taken for: i. Release of neurotransmitter ii. Passage of neurotransmitter from axon terminal to postsynaptic membrane iii. Action of the neurotransmitter to open the ionic channels in postsynaptic membrane. Normal duration = is 0.3 to 0.5 millisecond.
  • 10. 3. Fatigue Fatigue at synapse is due to the depletion of neurotransmitter substance, acetylcholine. Depletion of acetylcholine occurs because of two factors: i. Soon after the action, acetylcholine is destroyed by acetylcholinesterase ii. Due to continuous action, new acetylcholine is not synthesized.
  • 11. 4. SUMMATION Summation is the fusion of effects or progressive increase in the excitatory postsynaptic potential in post synaptic neuron when many presynaptic excitatory terminals are stimulated simultaneously or when single presynaptic terminal is stimulated repeatedly. i. Spatial Summation Spatial summation occurs when many presynaptic terminals are stimulated simultaneously ii. Temporal Summation Temporal summation occurs when one presynaptic terminal is stimulated repeatedly.
  • 13. 5. ELECTRICAL PROPERTY Electrical properties of the synapse are the EPSP and IPSP