Systems of measurement

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The document discusses different systems of measurement throughout history. It covers the metric system, which originated during the French Revolution and has since spread globally. The metric system establishes fundamental units of length, mass, and time that other units are derived from through multiplication and division using powers of ten. The document also discusses imperial and US customary units, which are based on older English systems of measurement, and notes while the metric system is dominant globally, customary units still see strong use in the United States.

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$HISTORY  The French Revolution gave rise to the metric system, and this has spread around the world, replacing most customary units of measure. In most systems, length (distance),weight, and time are fundamental quantities; or as has been now accepted as better in science, the substitution of mass for weight, as a better more basic parameter. Some systems have changed to recognize the improved relationship, notably the 1824 legal changes to the imperial system.  Later science developments showed that either electric charge or electric current must be added to complete the minimum set of fundamental quantities by which all othermetrological units may be defined. Other quantities, such as power, speed, etc. are derived from the fundamental set; for example, speed is distance per unit time. Historically a wide range of units was used for the same quantity, in several cultural settings, length was measured in inches, feet, yards, fathoms, rods, chains, furlongs, miles, nautical miles,stadia, leagues, with conversion factors which were not simple powers of ten or even simple fractions within a given customary system.$

Metric system
 Metric systems of units have evolved since the adoption of the first well-
defined system in France in 1795. During this evolution the use of these
systems has spread throughout the world, first to non-English-speaking
countries, and then to English speaking countries.
 Multiples and submultiples of metric units are related by powers of ten
and their names are formed with prefixes. This relationship is
compatible with the decimal system of numbers and it contributes
greatly to the convenience of metric units.
 In the early metric system there were two fundamental or base
units, the metre for length and the gram for mass. The other units of
length and mass, and all units of area, volume, and compound units such
as density were derived from these two fundamental units.
 Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system
of measurement introduced to act as a compromise between the metric
system and traditional measurements. It was used in France from 1812
to 1839.

Imperial and US customary
units
 Both imperial units and US customary units derive from
earlier English units. Imperial units were mostly used in
the British Commonwealth and the former British
Empire but in most Commonwealth countries they have
been largely supplanted by the metric system. They are still
used for some applications in the United Kingdom but have
been mostly replaced by the metric system
in commercial, scientific, and industrial applications. US
customary units, however, are still the main system of
measurement in the United States. While some steps
towards metrication have been made (mainly in the late
1960s and early 1970s), the customary units have a strong
hold due to the vast industrial infrastructure and
commercial development.

$Units of currency  A unit of measurement that applies to money is called a unit of account. This is normally a currency issued by a country or a fraction thereof; for instance, the US dollar and US cent (1⁄100 of a dollar), or the euro and euro cent.  ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (IOS).$

Conversion tables

 Approximate conversion of units
 Conversion of units

The metric system originated in France in the late 17th century and was fully developed by the late 18th century. It was based on practical and scientific considerations, using decimals and units linked to natural phenomena like the meter defined as 1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the North Pole. The metric system spread throughout Europe in the early 19th century and is now the predominant international system of measurement.

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Systems of measurement

1. SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

2. HISTORY  The French Revolution gave rise to the metric system, and this has spread around the world, replacing most customary units of measure. In most systems, length (distance),weight, and time are fundamental quantities; or as has been now accepted as better in science, the substitution of mass for weight, as a better more basic parameter. Some systems have changed to recognize the improved relationship, notably the 1824 legal changes to the imperial system.  Later science developments showed that either electric charge or electric current must be added to complete the minimum set of fundamental quantities by which all othermetrological units may be defined. Other quantities, such as power, speed, etc. are derived from the fundamental set; for example, speed is distance per unit time. Historically a wide range of units was used for the same quantity, in several cultural settings, length was measured in inches, feet, yards, fathoms, rods, chains, furlongs, miles, nautical miles,stadia, leagues, with conversion factors which were not simple powers of ten or even simple fractions within a given customary system.

3. Metric system  Metric systems of units have evolved since the adoption of the first well- defined system in France in 1795. During this evolution the use of these systems has spread throughout the world, first to non-English-speaking countries, and then to English speaking countries.  Multiples and submultiples of metric units are related by powers of ten and their names are formed with prefixes. This relationship is compatible with the decimal system of numbers and it contributes greatly to the convenience of metric units.  In the early metric system there were two fundamental or base units, the metre for length and the gram for mass. The other units of length and mass, and all units of area, volume, and compound units such as density were derived from these two fundamental units.  Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as a compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements. It was used in France from 1812 to 1839.

4. Imperial and US customary units  Both imperial units and US customary units derive from earlier English units. Imperial units were mostly used in the British Commonwealth and the former British Empire but in most Commonwealth countries they have been largely supplanted by the metric system. They are still used for some applications in the United Kingdom but have been mostly replaced by the metric system in commercial, scientific, and industrial applications. US customary units, however, are still the main system of measurement in the United States. While some steps towards metrication have been made (mainly in the late 1960s and early 1970s), the customary units have a strong hold due to the vast industrial infrastructure and commercial development.

5. Units of currency  A unit of measurement that applies to money is called a unit of account. This is normally a currency issued by a country or a fraction thereof; for instance, the US dollar and US cent (1⁄100 of a dollar), or the euro and euro cent.  ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established by the International Organization for Standardization (IOS).

6. Conversion tables  Approximate conversion of units  Conversion of units

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