8. • Taloustiede on satua
– Taloustieteen mallit ovat yksinkertaistettuja paloja todellisesta maailmasta; jokaisella mallilla on opetuksensa
– Malleja on tuhansia: haasteena on valita kysymykseen parhaiten sopiva malli
• Taloustieteen empiirinen vallankumous
– Empiiristen tutkimusten määrä on kasvanut, viime aikoina myös kokeiluiden määrä (esim. Suomen perustulokokeilu)
– Yhä useampi taloustieteilijä on filosofin sijaan ”putkimies”; keskitytään yksityiskohtiin, pohditaan mikä toimii
käytännössä, muokataan järjestelmiä tutkimustulosten perusteella
• Talouspolitiikan lähtökohtana on arvot
– Taloustiede ei voi ratkaista optimaalista talouspolitiikkaa koska tavoitteiden asettaminen on politiikan tehtävä
– (Talous)tiede voi auttaa kun pohditaan, millä keinoilla tavoitteita kannattaisi yrittää saavuttaa
– Taloustiede voi myös kertoa mitä EI kannata tehdä
• Arvot + Tiede = Optimaalinen (talous)politiikka
8
Taloustiedettä ja -politiikkaa
11. 1. Economics is a collection of models with no predetermined conclusions; reject any arguments otherwise.
2. Do not criticize an economist’s model because of its assumptions; ask how the results would change if certain
problematic assumptions were more realistic.
3. Analysis requires simplicity; beware of incoherence that passes itself off as complexity.
4. Do not let math scare you; economists use math not because they’re smart, but because they’re not smart enough.
5. When an economist makes a recommendation, ask what makes him/ her sure the underlying model applies to the
case at hand.
6. When an economist uses the term “economic welfare,” ask what he/ she means by it.
7. Beware that an economist may speak differently in public than in the seminar room.
8. Economists don’t (all) worship markets, but they know better how they work than you do.
9. If you think all economists think alike, attend one of their seminars.
10. If you think economists are especially rude to noneconomists, attend one of their seminars
11
Ten Commandments for Noneconomists
Lähde: Dani Rodrik: Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science
12. 1. Economics is a collection of models; cherish their diversity.
2. It is a model, not the model.
3. Make your model simple enough to isolate specific causes and how they work, but not so simple that it leaves out key
interactions among causes.
4. Unrealistic assumptions are OK; unrealistic critical assumptions are not OK.
5. The world is (almost) always second best.
6. To map a model to the real world you need explicit empirical diagnostics, which is more craft than science.
7. Do not confuse agreement among economists for certainty about how the world works.
8. It’s OK to say “I don’t know” when asked about the economy or policy.
9. Efficiency is not everything.
10. Substituting your values for the public’s is an abuse of your expertise.”
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Ten Commandments for Economists
Lähde: Dani Rodrik: Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science