Tatap muka manajemen proyek teknik sipil
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Dokumen ini membahas enam aspek penting dalam studi kelayakan proyek, termasuk aspek teknis, institusional, sosial, manajemen, finansial, dan eksternalitas. Setiap aspek mencakup pertanyaan kunci yang harus dipertimbangkan untuk mengevaluasi kelayakan proyek. Selain itu, dokumen ini juga mengajukan pertanyaan terkait proses timbulnya proyek, perbedaan antara proyek dan program, serta contoh eksternalitas yang dapat terjadi.
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Asal-usul dan klasifikasi tanah
Indeks sifat tanah (moisture content, density, Atterberg limits, dll.)
Perilaku tanah dalam kondisi jenuh dan tidak jenuh
Konsolidasi tanah dan permeabilitas
Distribusi tegangan dalam tanah (stress distribution)
Tekanan tanah lateral
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Struktur pembahasan yang runtut, dimulai dari pengenalan tanah hingga aplikasi praktis.
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Indeks sifat tanah (moisture content, density, Atterberg limits, dll.)
Perilaku tanah dalam kondisi jenuh dan tidak jenuh
Konsolidasi tanah dan permeabilitas
Distribusi tegangan dalam tanah (stress distribution)
Tekanan tanah lateral
Uji laboratorium dan lapangan
Penjelasan disampaikan secara bertahap dan sistematis, disertai contoh soal dan ilustrasi yang membantu pemahaman konsep.
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Tatap muka manajemen proyek teknik sipil
- 2. 1) Aspek Teknis Aspek teknis menyangkut masalah penyediaan sumber- sumber dan pemasaran hasil- hasil produksi. Aspek teknis besar pengaruhnya terhadap perkiraan biaya dan jadwal, karena akan memberikan batasan-batasan lingkup proyek.
- 3. Pertanyaan yang muncul di sini adalah : Apakah lokasi untu tempat proyek mudah diperoleh atau tidak? Seberapa jauh prasarana jalan raya, persediaan air dan tenaga listrik dapat memudahkan/merintangi pelaksanaan proyek? Apakah persediaan bahan-bahan mentah yang diperlukan untuk pelaksanaan proyek cukup atau tidak? Apakah bahan-bahan tersebut, sebagian atau seluruhnya harus didatangkan dari tempat lain? Bila bahan baku harus didatangkan dari luar apakah sistem pengangkutan yang ada memungkinkan? Apakah tenaga kerja dari berbagai tingkat ketrampilan tersedia atau tidak? Dimana hasil produksi akan dipasarkan
- 4. 2) Aspek Institusional Ini menyangkut masalah-masalah organisasi pemerintah dan masyarakat. Misalnya: Seberapa jauh aparat pemerintah dan peraturan yang ada dapat memberikan kemudahan dalam pelaksanaan proyek? Seperti: - izin hak guna tanah - izin bangunan - izin usaha - izin penggunaan tenaga kerja - syarat-syarat perkreditan - faktor keamanan di tempat usaha * Seberapa jauh reaksi masyarakat setempat dapat membantu atau menghalangi pelaksanaan proyek?
- 5. 3) Aspek Sosial Di samping tujuan peningkatan barang atau jasa untuk konsumsi, pendirian proyek dapat mempunyai tujuan sosial. Misalnya: - penyediaan kesempatan kerja - akibat pemerataan pendapatan Misal : ada proyek A dan proyek B Proyek A banyak menciptakan kesempatan kerja Proyek B memberikan hasil produksi lebih besar
- 6. 4) Aspek Manajemen dan Organisasi Di sini perlu diperhatikan masalah bentuk organisasi yang paling tepat untuk melaksanakan proyek. Selain itu juga apakah cukup tenaga pimpinan dan tenaga ahli yang diperlukan bagi pelaksanaan proyek.
- 7. 5) Aspek Finansial Ekonomi Disini akan digunakan analisis biaya manfaat. Analisis ini digunakan untuk mengetahui penggunaan sumber-sumber ekkonomi agar penggunaan sumber-sumber tersebut dapat dilakukan secara efisien. Sebab pemerintah mempunyai banyak program yang harus dilaksanakan, sedangkan dananya sangat terbatas. Dalam aspek ini yang akan dilihat adalah manfaat dan biaya proyek. Apabila manfaat proyek lebih besar daripada biaya yang diperlukan maka proyek tersebut berarti efisien, bila manfaat proyek tersebut lebih kecil dibanding biayanya maka proyek tersebut tidak efisien.
- 8. 6) Eksternalitas Adalah hasil-hasil tidak langsung dan akibat-akibat sampingan dari pelaksanaan proyek. Eksternalitas dapat : 1. bersifat positif (menguntungkan penerima dampak) 1. bersifat negatif (merugikan penerima dampak). Keduanya sukar dihitung dan dimasukkan dalam perhitungan benefit dan biaya proyek tetapi perlu dipertimbangkan dalam penentuan pemilihan proyek.
- 9. Misalnya: bagi seorang penghuni rumah, proyek pembukaan jalan raya di depan rumah itu dapat merupakan kerugian tidak langsung karena mengakibatkan polusi, suara bising dan mengganggu keselamatan anak- anak. Akan tetapi bagi pemilik pabrik di daerah tersebut, menguntungkan karena meningkatkan akses bagi konsumen untuk ke pabrik tersebut
- 10. Pertanyaan : 1) Jelaskan bagaimana proses timbulnya suatu proyek? 2) Apakah perbedaan antara proyek dan program? Berikan masing-masing satu contoh kegiatan yang disebut program dan proyek 3) Apakah tujuannya membagi siklus proyek menjadi beberapa tahap? Jelaskan! 4) Berikan 2 contoh eksternalitas lain yang mungkin terjadi dalam studi kelayakan proyek! Dikumpulkan hari Rabu 27 Februari 2008 paling lambat jam 12 di pengajaran. Dikerjakan secara individu dengan tulisan tangan Kertaas bisa diminta di pengajaran