Impacts of Temperature and Salinity on Marine Animals
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Marine animals are either ectothermic or endothermic, with ectothermic animals like fish having body temperatures dependent on their environment while endothermic animals like mammals and birds can regulate their internal temperatures. All marine animals also must regulate salt levels in their bodies through osmoregulation as temperature and salinity of water can impact animals' physiology and survival.
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This document summarizes key concepts regarding fisheries management. It defines important terms like fish stocks, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and mechanisms for harvesting fish. It discusses challenges like bycatch, overfishing, and factors contributing to declining fish populations. Strategies for conservation are outlined, such as gear restrictions, catch limits, and protecting essential fish habitat. The document also reviews agencies and laws involved in fisheries management, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Act and its goals of preventing overfishing while achieving sustainable yields.Light in the ocean
Light in the oceanmswilliams
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Most life in the oceans depends on sunlight that autotrophs are able to capture through pigments to photosynthesize and produce food. Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, allowing autotrophs to live at varying depths where certain wavelengths penetrate deepest. The rate of photosynthesis must exceed the rate of respiration for phytoplankton to survive, setting a compensation depth above which they can thrive. Coastal waters often have higher turbidity than the open ocean due to sediment and inputs that cloud the water and limit sunlight penetration.Some equipment used by chemical oceanographers
Some equipment used by chemical oceanographersmswilliams
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This document describes several pieces of equipment used by chemical oceanographers to sample and measure various water parameters. It discusses Niskin and Nansen bottles, rosettes, thermometers, hydrometers, refractometers, CTDs, Secchi disks, DO meters, SONAR, and side scan SONAR, and provides brief explanations of how each tool is used.Composition of seawater
Composition of seawatermswilliams
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The document summarizes the chemical composition of seawater. It states that seawater is mostly water, but also contains all naturally occurring elements on Earth. The main ions found in seawater are 55% chloride, 31% sodium, 8% sulfate, 4% magnesium, and 1% each of calcium and potassium. These ratios remain relatively constant in oceans around the world according to the law of constant proportions. Exceptions can occur where rivers meet the sea since river water contains more calcium. Salt enters the oceans through weathering that carries eroded rocks and minerals into rivers and seas, and also through underwater volcanic vents. Salt is removed through sea spray, sediment deposits that bind minerals, and biological activity of marine life.Salinity notes
Salinity notesmswilliams
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Salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved ions in water, measured in parts per thousand (). Average ocean salinity is 35 but it varies depending on evaporation, precipitation, and water sources. Salinity is higher in enclosed seas like the Red Sea (40) and Mediterranean Sea (38) due to limited freshwater input and high evaporation. It is lower in semi-enclosed seas connected to oceans by narrow straits, like the Black Sea (18) and Baltic Sea (8), which receive more freshwater from rivers. Temperature, pressure, and density can also impact ocean salinity.Properties of seawater
Properties of seawatermswilliams
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Water is a polar molecule with slightly positively and negatively charged ends, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. This polarity gives water properties of adhesion, sticking to other substances, and cohesion, sticking to other water molecules. Water has relatively low viscosity and density compared to other liquids, with density highest at 4属C and lower in seawater due to salt content. Its solid form, ice, floats due to having a less dense crystalline structure. Water also has a high specific heat capacity, requiring a lot of energy to change its temperature, which allows oceans to act as a heat buffer for the planet.12 plate tectonics notes
12 plate tectonics notesmswilliams
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The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how convection currents in the asthenosphere cause tectonic plates to move horizontally at the surface. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart and new seafloor is created, convergent boundaries where plates move together and seafloor is destroyed forming trenches and volcanic islands, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other forming faults. Examples given are the San Andreas fault and the Ring of Fire around the Pacific plate.9 zonation in the ocean
9 zonation in the oceanmswilliams
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The document describes different zones of the ocean based on depth.
The Neritic Zone extends from the shoreline to depths of less than 200 meters over the continental shelf. The Oceanic Zone is the area beyond 200 meters depth and further offshore. The Photic Zone, also known as the Euphotic Zone, extends from the surface to a depth of around 200 meters where sunlight is available for photosynthesis. Below the Photic Zone are the Disphotic Zone from 200-1000 meters with low light, and the Aphotic Zone below 1000 meters with no light.Sea turtles
Sea turtlesmswilliams
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There are 8 species of sea turtles that visit areas like Long Island, including the Kemp's Ridley turtle, which is the most endangered with only 400-500 individuals remaining today from a population of 42,000 in 1947. Sea turtles have a three-chambered heart, scales, and lay eggs on land that incubate for around 2 months before hatchlings head to the water. They face numerous threats including humans, predators, habitat loss, and getting caught in fishing nets or ingesting plastic waste which has led to all species being endangered or threatened.Whales
Whalesmswilliams
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Whales evolved from land mammals and are related to horses and sheep. They have adaptations like blubber for insulation and temperature regulation, blowholes for breathing, and streamlined bodies. Whales communicate using echolocation and songs, have excellent hearing, and can slow their heart rates while diving. There are two main types of whales: toothed whales that hunt for food and baleen whales that filter feed krill. Whaling nearly wiped out many whale species until laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act and International Whaling Commission were passed to regulate and protect whales.Fish morphology
Fish morphologymswilliams
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This document discusses the diversity of body shapes and tail fin morphologies in fish and how these adaptations help fish survive in their environments. It describes the main body shapes as fusiform for fast open water swimmers, compressiform for quick bursts of speed, and depressiform for bottom-dwelling fish. It also outlines different tail fin shapes including homocercal forms that are rounded, truncate, forked, or lunate and the heterocercal tail of sharks, and explains how each tail type relates to the fish's swimming ability, speed, maneuverability and environment.Meet the arthropoda
Meet the arthropodamswilliams
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This document provides an overview of arthropods, which are segmented invertebrates with jointed appendages and an external skeleton. It describes their anatomy, including a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed limbs, segmented bodies, and open circulatory and nervous systems. Arthropods reproduce through external fertilization and development of planktonic larvae. The phylum includes two subphyla: chelicerates like sea spiders and horseshoe crabs, and crustaceans such as lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. Arthropods are mostly benthic or epifaunal and found worldwide, representing the largest number of species on Earth.Crustaceans
Crustaceansmswilliams
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Crustaceans are arthropods in the subphylum Crustacea and include crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, copepods, krill, isopods, and amphipods. They have a jointed exoskeleton and specialized appendages for locomotion, feeding, breathing through gills, and sensing the environment. Crustaceans can be predators, scavengers, or filter feeders. They have separate sexes and males release sperm packets for females to store until fertilizing their eggs, which hatch externally.Sea star dissection powerpoint
Sea star dissection powerpointmswilliams
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This document provides instructions for a sea star dissection lab where students are tasked with labeling the external and internal structures of a sea star using letter identifiers on diagrams. The external structures include the aboral and oral sides as well as full anatomy diagrams. Internal structures cover the digestive system, reproductive system, and water vascular system.Recently uploaded (20)
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- 1. The Impacts of Temperature and Salinity on Marine Animals
- 2. Ectothermic Animals So called Cold Blooded Body temperature dependent on environmental heat sources (i.e. basking in sun) Examples: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles
- 3. Endothermic Animals So called Warm Blooded Maintain a stable internal body temperature (using fur, fat, feathers, or behaviors, like sweating/shivering) Examples: Mammals, Birds