introduction Terms of movements
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The document discusses various anatomical terms related to movement, planes, relationships, and variations in the integumentary system. It defines key terms used to describe movements including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and others. It also outlines the three planes used in anatomy - sagittal, frontal, and transverse. The document then covers the layers of skin including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. It provides details on various skin functions, injuries, and conditions. Finally, it describes degrees of burns from first to third degree and the burn rule of nines for assessing total body surface area affected.
introduction Terms of movements
- 1. Usman
- 2. Terms of Movement Anatomical Variation Integumentary System
- 3. Terms OF Relation Terms describe movements of limbs and other parts Most movements are defined in relation to the Anatomical position Occurring in Anatomical planes Occur Around Anatomical Axis Movements occur at joints (2 bones are cartilages) Non skeletal structure that exhibit movement 1Tongue 2Lips 3Eyelids
- 5. Planes Anatomical plane Median plane Sagital plane Frontal plane Transverse plane
- 6. cont Longitudinal sections Transverse sections, or cross sections, Oblique sections
- 7. Terms of relationship and comparison Superficial, intermediate, deep Medial, Lateral External and Internal Posterior and Anterior Inferior/ Superior caudal (tail), (cranial, vertex) Palmer (Rostral, Anterior)/dorsal(dorsum, Post) Proximal/Distal Planter/dorsal (Combined)
- 8. Tms of laterality Unilateral Bilateral Contralateral Ipsilateral
- 10. Flexion/Extension Flexion. Bending or decreasing angle Movement in anterior direction mostly Extension.. Straightening/ increasing angle between the bones and parts of the body Movement in posterior direction mostly (except Knee) Dorsiflexion (walking uphill or lifting) Planter Flexion (foot and toe towards ground) Occur in sagittal plane Around Transverse Axis
- 11. Cont. Upper limb Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Hand (fingers) Lower limb Hip, Knee, Ankle, Foot Neck Trunk Hyperextension may cause injury (Whipflash)
- 12. Abduction/Adduction Frontal plane/ sagittal axis (anteroposterior) AbductionMoving away from median plane Adduction.. Moving towards mid line (except digits) Digits .. Moving Apart (from 3/middle finger) Right/left lateral flexion (lateral bending) special forms for onle Neck and trunk
- 13. Cont. Upper limb Shoulder, Wrist, Hand (fingers) Lower limb Hip, Ankle, Foot Neck Trunk
- 14. Rotation---- Internal/External Turning or revolving ----- transverse plane/Longitudinal Axis Internal/Medial Rotation Anterior surface of limb closer to median plane External/Medial rotation takes anetrior surface away from median plane Pronation/Supination
- 15. Rotation---- Internal/External Upper limb Shoulder, forearm(sup/Pro) Lower limb Hip, Neck Trunk
- 16. Circumduction Combination of movement Circular movement that is sequential Flexion-Abduction-Extension-Adduction In such way that distal part moves in circle Shoulder hip
- 17. Eversion/Inversion Eversion--- sole of the foot away from median plane Foot fully everted Dorsflexed Inversion ---- sole of foot towards Foot fully inverted Planter flexed Pronation of foot (Everted+Abd) Supination of Foot (inversion+Add)
- 18. Opposition/Reposition Opposition..Movement by which pad of the first digit is brought to another digit pad Reposition,,, vice versa Digits
- 19. Protrusion/Retrusion Protrusion . Movement forward (anteriorly) Extrusion Movement backward (posteriorly) Mandible (Chin), Lips, Tongue
- 20. Protraction/Retraction Protraction Anterolateral movement of scapula Shoulder moves anteriorly Retraction . Posteromedial movement of Scapula Shoulder moves posteriorly
- 21. Elevation/Depression Elevation Moves a part superiorly Shoulder shrugging Depression Moves a Part Inferiorly Shoulder deppressing Tongue, eyelid
- 22. Structure of Terms Anatomy is a descriptive science and necessarily requires names for the many structures and processes of the body Many terms provide information about a structure's shape, size, location, or function or about the resemblance of one structure to another. the deltoid muscle,,, delta triangle,, oid like
- 23. Abbreviations of Terms Example temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
- 24. Anatomical variation Shape Texture Size Form of attachment of muscle Nerves arteries, bones etc
- 25. Integumentry system Latin word Integumentum, A covering (skin) Help in differential diagnosis Functions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Protection Containment of body structure Heat regulation Sensation Synthesis and storage
- 26. Skin Largest organ of body 3 layers Epidermis superficial cellular layer Dermis .Deep connective tissue layer Hypodermis fatty layer Anatomy .. Only dermis and epidermis
- 27. Layers of skin Three layers Epidermis (outer most) 2. Dermis (middle) 3. Hypodermis 1.
- 28. Epidermis Outer most, Tough superficial layer, protective Keratenized Epithelium Regenerative and deep pigmented layer (basal) No blood vessels and Lymphatics Nourished by underlying Dermis Nerve endings sensitive to touch, irritation and temperature Nerve terminals in dermiss but some penetrate dermis
- 29. Dermis Collagen fiber (skin toghness and strength) Elastic fiber Elasticity Tension line (longitudinal in limbs Hori. In neck) Hair follicles Smooth arrector muscle Sabceous glands Arteries, veins, nerves Nails, mammary glands,
- 30. Hypodermis/ subcutaneous tissue Between dermis and underlying fascia Subcutaneous tissue/superficial fascia Loose connective tissue and stored fat Distribution different at different site and gender Waist, thigh, Subcutaneous tissue ,, thermal regulation, insulator Protect from compression Sweat glands thermoregulation
- 31. Skin ligaments Numerous small fibrous bands, extend through subcutaneous tissue Attach deep surface of dermis to underlying deep fascia Short and abundant ligament skin firmly attach to underlying fascia Longer and sparse --- skin more mobile
- 32. Skin color signs in physical diagnosis Cyanotic appearance. Bluish color Person stopped breathing/defective circulation 2. Blood is not carrying enough oxygen 3. Lips, eyelid, nails. Erythema skin injury, exposure to excess heat, infection, inflammation, allergic reaction. Jaundice yellow appearance to skin and eyes Light skin. Color easily change 1.
- 33. Skin incision and scaring Laceration or incision parellel to tension lines Heal well little scarring Laceration or incision across to tension lines May heal with excessive keloids (scaring)
- 34. Stretch marks in skin Skin can stretch and grow 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Abdominal enlargement , weight gain, pregnancy, also in certain diseases (cushing, hypercortisolism) Too much stretch can damage collagen fibers Stretch mark appear--- wrinkled stretch---- first purple--- red white Abdomen, buttocks, thigh, breast Reduce (not disappear) after pregnancy, weight loss
- 36. Skin injuries and wounds Laceration.. Accidental cuts or skin tears Superficial or deep Burns caused by,, therma; trauma, ultra violet/ ionizing radiation,chemical agents Classification of burns
- 37. Burn assessment Rule of nine Degree of burn 1st degree surface damage, still intact 2. 2nd degree through epidermis into dermis, blisters 3. 3rd degree epidermis and dermis damaged full thickness 1.
- 38. First-Degree Burn (formerly superficial) The surface of the skin is damaged, but the epidermis is still intact, and therefore able to perform its functions (control temperature and protect from infection or injury) Symbolized by sunburn are dry, warm, painful, and hypersensitive They heal without treatment Usman
- 40. Second-Degree Burn (formerly partial thickness) Damage through the epidermis and into the dermis Also known as partial-thickness burn Indicates a loss of skin function Superficial: red, painful, and potentially blistered (classical sign) Deep: dry, white, and hyposensitive burns Usman
- 42. Third-Degree Burn (formerly full thickness) Destruction of both the epidermis and dermis Trouble with fluid loss, heat loss, and infection (same as with second-degree burn) Anesthetic, white, avascular, dry, and leathery appearing Usman