The document summarizes the anatomy and biomechanics of the foot and ankle. It describes the 26 bones that make up the foot, divided into the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. It outlines the joints of the foot and ankle including the ankle joint, subtalar joint, transverse tarsal joint, and tarsometatarsal joints. It discusses the ligaments supporting each joint and the motions associated with walking, such as pronation and supination. Overall, the foot provides stability, mobility, shock absorption and propulsion during gait.
This document summarizes key concepts about posture including:
1. Posture can be static or dynamic, with static involving maintaining certain body positions and dynamic involving body movement.
2. Maintaining upright posture allows humans to use their arms while increasing stress on the back and reducing stability.
3. Postural control involves the central nervous system integrating inputs from vision, vestibular, proprioceptive, and musculoskeletal systems.
4. Perturbations displace the body from equilibrium, requiring compensatory responses like ankle, hip, or change of support strategies to restore stability.
This document provides an overview of biomechanics of posture. It defines static and dynamic posture and describes the major goals and elements of postural control, including maintaining the body's center of gravity over its base of support and stabilizing the head vertically. It discusses perturbations that can disrupt posture and the fixed and change-in-support synergies used to regain equilibrium. Key aspects of posture such as external forces, ground reaction forces, and optimal alignment are summarized. Common postural deviations are also outlined.
The document discusses gait and gait analysis. It defines gait as rhythmic movements of the limbs that result in forward body progression. A normal gait cycle consists of stance and swing phases for each limb. Key points of the gait cycle and factors that affect gait are described in detail. Common gait abnormalities such as antalgic gait, Trendelenburg gait, and functional leg length discrepancy are also summarized.
This document provides information on the biomechanics of the wrist and hand complex. It describes the bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and range of motion of the wrist, hand, fingers, and thumb. Key points include that the wrist is a complex of two joints (radiocarpal and midcarpal) that allow flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation. The hand has 19 bones and joints distal to the carpals that form transverse and longitudinal arches to enhance grip. Each finger has carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints while the thumb only has one interphalangeal joint. Ligaments and muscles work together to provide stability and
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle and foot. It begins with an introduction to the bones, joints, ligaments and muscles of the ankle and foot. It then discusses the specific motions and functions of the ankle joint, subtalar joint, and transverse tarsal joint. For each joint, it describes the structural features, ligaments, range of motion, and how the joints work together during weight bearing activities like walking. The document aims to explain the complex integrated movements between the lower leg and foot.
This document discusses cardiac murmurs, including their characteristics, timing, location, intensity and frequency. Common cardiac conditions that can cause murmurs are explored through case studies, including details on presentation, physical exam findings, EKG and echocardiography results. Conditions covered include aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, aortic insufficiency, mitral regurgitation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
The document summarizes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, which plots the percentage of hemoglobin in its oxygen-saturated form against the partial pressure of oxygen. It describes how hemoglobin, composed of heme and globin units, can bind reversibly to oxygen molecules. The curve has a plateau portion where little oxygen is released from hemoglobin at high oxygen pressures in the lungs, and a steep portion where hemoglobin readily unloads oxygen at lower pressures in tissues. An important measurement of hemoglobin's oxygen affinity is P50, the partial pressure at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen, which can shift based on conditions.
Emotions are feelings that influence behavior and have physiological and cognitive components. There are four basic emotions: happy, sad, afraid/surprised, and angry/disgust. Emotions can be positive like joy or negative like fear. Primary emotions are instinctive responses to stimuli while secondary emotions involve feeling emotions about other emotions.
Theories of emotion include the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological reactions, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory that physiological arousal combined with cognitive labeling leads to emotion.
Stress can be beneficial (eustress) or harmful (distress) and results from stressors
Clinical psychology involves the assessment and treatment of mental illness and abnormal behavior. It includes diagnosing psychological disorders like those seen in medical settings and treating conditions such as drug and alcohol addiction. Psychosomatic disorders are illnesses that affect both the mind and body, where emotional stress contributes to physical problems in involuntary systems. Somatoform disorders are mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically and interfere with functioning. Specific types of somatoform disorders include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hypochondriasis.
Prehension involves grasping objects between surfaces of the hand. There are two main types of prehension - power grip and precision handling. Power grip uses flexion of all fingers and the thumb acts as a stabilizer. Precision handling involves skillful placement of an object between the fingers and thumb. There are different grips for various shaped objects including cylindrical, spherical, hook, and lateral grips. Precision handling requires finer motor control and includes pad to pad, tip to tip, and pad to side grips. The functional position of the wrist and hand allows equal tension across all wrist muscles.
The menstrual cycle involves cyclic changes in the ovaries and uterus that occur over approximately 28 days. It begins at menarche between ages 12-15 and ends at menopause around ages 45-50. The cycle consists of a follicular phase where an egg matures and is released, an ovulation phase where the egg is released, and a luteal phase where the endometrium is prepared for potential implantation. Hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone rise and fall over the course of the cycle to regulate these changes until menstruation begins again if implantation does not occur.
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF CONTRACEPTION (CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS).pptxShiriShir
Ìý
Contraceptive methods can be divided into permanent and temporary methods. Permanent methods include vasectomy for males and tubectomy for females. Temporary methods include barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills, and biological methods like abstinence and rhythm methods. Hormonal methods are the most effective temporary methods and include combined and progesterone-only pills, as well as depot injections. Oral contraceptive pills work mainly by preventing ovulation, implantation, and allowing altered cervical mucus to restrict sperm entry.
Oogenesis is the process by which female gametes (ova/eggs) are formed. It begins during fetal development with primordial germ cells that migrate and undergo mitotic division, resulting in around 7 million primary oocytes by the 8th week of gestation. These enter meiotic arrest in prophase I. Folluculogenesis is the growth and maturation of follicles containing the ova. It occurs in four stages from primordial to tertiary follicles, with the late tertiary follicle being around 20mm and containing the nearly mature ovum.
The pupillary reflex allows the eye to adjust the amount of light reaching the retina and protects the photoreceptors. There are two types of pupillary reflexes: the pupillary light reflex and the pupillary accommodation reflex. The pupillary light reflex causes constriction of the pupil in response to light, either directly in the light-stimulated eye or indirectly in the other eye. The pupillary accommodation reflex causes constriction of the pupil, convergence of the eyeballs, and bulging of the lens when focusing on a near object.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex synovial joint that allows the mandible to move through a range of motions including depression, elevation, protrusion, retrusion, and lateral excursion. It is made up of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, articular eminence of the temporal bone, and various ligaments. During opening and closing, the condyle and disc glide and rotate together. The disc increases stability and decreases stress on the joint. The ligaments and musculature provide both passive and active control of movement.
This document describes 4 types of abnormalities of micturition or urination: 1) Atonic bladder which lacks muscle tone and overflows due to nerve damage, 2) Automatic bladder which empties unannounced due to spinal cord damage above the sacral region, 3) Nocturnal micturition which is involuntary bedwetting due to incomplete nerve fiber myelination or spinal defects, and 4) Uninhibited neurologic bladder which has uncontrolled frequent urination from lack of inhibitory brain signals and partial spinal/brainstem damage.
Biomechanics - muscles of lower thorax (Ann).pptxShiriShir
Ìý
The posterior muscles of the lower thoracic and lumbopelvic regions stabilize the trunk for limb movement and reduce forces on the spine. Key muscles include the erector spinae which extends the trunk, and the multifidus which connects the sacrum to lumbar vertebrae. The thoracolumbar fascia surrounds these muscles and connects to other back muscles and the abdomen.
The document summarizes the pelvic floor muscles (PFM), including their three layers, innervation, fiber types, functions in support, continence and sexual function. Assessment methods are described like digital examination grading scales and tools like perineometers. Dysfunctions are outlined such as supportive, hypertonic, incoordination and visceral. Causes and characteristics are provided for each.
The human spine is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions. Each region has characteristic structural features that determine its range of motion. The spine's motion is enabled by intervertebral discs composed of a gel-like nucleus pulposus surrounded by the fibrocartilaginous annulus fibrosus. Muscles around the spine facilitate flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. Forces like body weight, ligament tension, muscle tension, and external loads apply compression, shear, bending and torsional stresses to the spine. Common injuries arise from exceeding the spine's load tolerance or range of motion.
The lumbar spine supports significant weight and experiences large compressive loads. Its structure, including large vertebral bodies and strong ligaments, helps withstand these forces. Motion in the lumbar spine primarily involves flexion, extension, and lateral bending, with the greatest range occurring between L2-L3. The lumbar-pelvic rhythm allows increased range of motion through coordinated lumbar and pelvic motion. Forces on the lumbar spine include heavy compression loads as well as anterior shear due to its lordotic curvature.
1. The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the lumbar spine, including osteology, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and typical ranges of motion.
2. Key biomechanical concepts covered are the compression, shear, and coupling forces experienced during flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation.
3. Common pathomechanics like exaggerated lordosis, sway back posture, and intervertebral disc prolapse are explained.
The document discusses the biomechanics of the cervical spine. It describes:
1) The cervical spine is made up of two segments - the superior occiput-C2 segment and inferior C3-T1 segment.
2) A typical cervical vertebra has a vertebral body, pedicles, lamina, spinous process, transverse processes and articular processes.
3) Movements of the cervical spine include flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation which are governed by the orientation of the facet joints.
4) Stability is provided by the bony anatomy, muscles like the deep and superficial neck flexors and extensors, and ligaments like the transverse atlantal lig
The document summarizes the key anatomical features of the cervical vertebrae. There are typically 7 cervical vertebrae, with the 3rd-6th being the most similar in structure. The 1st, 2nd, and 7th vertebrae have some distinguishing characteristics. All cervical vertebrae contain a vertebral body, vertebral foramen, and vertebral arch. The 3rd-6th vertebrae have transverse processes pierced by foramina transversaria for structures like the vertebral artery. The 1st vertebra (atlas) supports the skull and has no body. The 2nd (axis) contains a prominent dens process. The 7th (vertebra prominens) has a long spinous
This document discusses the biomechanics of the spine. It describes how the nucleus pulposus imbibes water, developing internal pressure that is exerted in all directions against the annulus and end plates. This increases the stiffness of the end plate and annulus fibrosus. Measurements find intradiscal pressure is highest with activities like lifting and decreases with loads closer to the body. The spine undergoes shear and tensile stresses during bending, axial rotation, and extension. Low back pain is a frequent cause of activity limitation and has direct annual costs of $11.4 billion, often associated with mechanical loading conditions like frequent bending and twisting.
First aid is providing immediate care to someone who is injured or ill. The key priorities of first aid are maintaining an open airway, ensuring breathing and circulation. Common conditions requiring first aid include asphyxia, drowning, shock, wounds, burns, injuries, foreign objects, and poisoning. For each condition, the summary outlines signs and symptoms and provides recommendations for initial management and care until emergency medical services arrive.
The human spine is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions. Each region has characteristic structural features that determine its range of motion. The spine's motion is enabled by intervertebral discs composed of a gel-like nucleus pulposus surrounded by the fibrocartilaginous annulus fibrosus. Muscles around the spine facilitate flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. Forces like body weight, ligament tension, muscle tension, and external loads apply compression, shear, bending and torsional stresses to the spine. Common injuries arise from exceeding the spine's load tolerance or range of motion.
This document discusses biomechanics of the spine and hip, including movements, forces, positioning, and injuries. It covers spinal deviations like lordosis and kyphosis. Forces on the spine include body weight, ligament and muscle tension, and intra-abdominal pressure. Maintaining an upright position requires counteracting torque with back extensor muscle tension. Lifting techniques should use the legs to reduce torque on the back. Common back injuries include pain, fractures, and disc herniations. Prevention focuses on proper posture, lifting, and strengthening weak muscles.
Emotions are feelings that influence behavior and have physiological and cognitive components. There are four basic emotions: happy, sad, afraid/surprised, and angry/disgust. Emotions can be positive like joy or negative like fear. Primary emotions are instinctive responses to stimuli while secondary emotions involve feeling emotions about other emotions.
Theories of emotion include the James-Lange theory that emotions arise from physiological reactions, the Cannon-Bard theory that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously, and the Schachter-Singer theory that physiological arousal combined with cognitive labeling leads to emotion.
Stress can be beneficial (eustress) or harmful (distress) and results from stressors
Clinical psychology involves the assessment and treatment of mental illness and abnormal behavior. It includes diagnosing psychological disorders like those seen in medical settings and treating conditions such as drug and alcohol addiction. Psychosomatic disorders are illnesses that affect both the mind and body, where emotional stress contributes to physical problems in involuntary systems. Somatoform disorders are mental illnesses characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically and interfere with functioning. Specific types of somatoform disorders include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hypochondriasis.
Prehension involves grasping objects between surfaces of the hand. There are two main types of prehension - power grip and precision handling. Power grip uses flexion of all fingers and the thumb acts as a stabilizer. Precision handling involves skillful placement of an object between the fingers and thumb. There are different grips for various shaped objects including cylindrical, spherical, hook, and lateral grips. Precision handling requires finer motor control and includes pad to pad, tip to tip, and pad to side grips. The functional position of the wrist and hand allows equal tension across all wrist muscles.
The menstrual cycle involves cyclic changes in the ovaries and uterus that occur over approximately 28 days. It begins at menarche between ages 12-15 and ends at menopause around ages 45-50. The cycle consists of a follicular phase where an egg matures and is released, an ovulation phase where the egg is released, and a luteal phase where the endometrium is prepared for potential implantation. Hormone levels of estrogen and progesterone rise and fall over the course of the cycle to regulate these changes until menstruation begins again if implantation does not occur.
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF CONTRACEPTION (CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS).pptxShiriShir
Ìý
Contraceptive methods can be divided into permanent and temporary methods. Permanent methods include vasectomy for males and tubectomy for females. Temporary methods include barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, intrauterine devices (IUDs), hormonal methods like oral contraceptive pills, and biological methods like abstinence and rhythm methods. Hormonal methods are the most effective temporary methods and include combined and progesterone-only pills, as well as depot injections. Oral contraceptive pills work mainly by preventing ovulation, implantation, and allowing altered cervical mucus to restrict sperm entry.
Oogenesis is the process by which female gametes (ova/eggs) are formed. It begins during fetal development with primordial germ cells that migrate and undergo mitotic division, resulting in around 7 million primary oocytes by the 8th week of gestation. These enter meiotic arrest in prophase I. Folluculogenesis is the growth and maturation of follicles containing the ova. It occurs in four stages from primordial to tertiary follicles, with the late tertiary follicle being around 20mm and containing the nearly mature ovum.
The pupillary reflex allows the eye to adjust the amount of light reaching the retina and protects the photoreceptors. There are two types of pupillary reflexes: the pupillary light reflex and the pupillary accommodation reflex. The pupillary light reflex causes constriction of the pupil in response to light, either directly in the light-stimulated eye or indirectly in the other eye. The pupillary accommodation reflex causes constriction of the pupil, convergence of the eyeballs, and bulging of the lens when focusing on a near object.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex synovial joint that allows the mandible to move through a range of motions including depression, elevation, protrusion, retrusion, and lateral excursion. It is made up of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, articular eminence of the temporal bone, and various ligaments. During opening and closing, the condyle and disc glide and rotate together. The disc increases stability and decreases stress on the joint. The ligaments and musculature provide both passive and active control of movement.
This document describes 4 types of abnormalities of micturition or urination: 1) Atonic bladder which lacks muscle tone and overflows due to nerve damage, 2) Automatic bladder which empties unannounced due to spinal cord damage above the sacral region, 3) Nocturnal micturition which is involuntary bedwetting due to incomplete nerve fiber myelination or spinal defects, and 4) Uninhibited neurologic bladder which has uncontrolled frequent urination from lack of inhibitory brain signals and partial spinal/brainstem damage.
Biomechanics - muscles of lower thorax (Ann).pptxShiriShir
Ìý
The posterior muscles of the lower thoracic and lumbopelvic regions stabilize the trunk for limb movement and reduce forces on the spine. Key muscles include the erector spinae which extends the trunk, and the multifidus which connects the sacrum to lumbar vertebrae. The thoracolumbar fascia surrounds these muscles and connects to other back muscles and the abdomen.
The document summarizes the pelvic floor muscles (PFM), including their three layers, innervation, fiber types, functions in support, continence and sexual function. Assessment methods are described like digital examination grading scales and tools like perineometers. Dysfunctions are outlined such as supportive, hypertonic, incoordination and visceral. Causes and characteristics are provided for each.
The human spine is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions. Each region has characteristic structural features that determine its range of motion. The spine's motion is enabled by intervertebral discs composed of a gel-like nucleus pulposus surrounded by the fibrocartilaginous annulus fibrosus. Muscles around the spine facilitate flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. Forces like body weight, ligament tension, muscle tension, and external loads apply compression, shear, bending and torsional stresses to the spine. Common injuries arise from exceeding the spine's load tolerance or range of motion.
The lumbar spine supports significant weight and experiences large compressive loads. Its structure, including large vertebral bodies and strong ligaments, helps withstand these forces. Motion in the lumbar spine primarily involves flexion, extension, and lateral bending, with the greatest range occurring between L2-L3. The lumbar-pelvic rhythm allows increased range of motion through coordinated lumbar and pelvic motion. Forces on the lumbar spine include heavy compression loads as well as anterior shear due to its lordotic curvature.
1. The document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the lumbar spine, including osteology, articulations, ligaments, muscles, nerves and typical ranges of motion.
2. Key biomechanical concepts covered are the compression, shear, and coupling forces experienced during flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation.
3. Common pathomechanics like exaggerated lordosis, sway back posture, and intervertebral disc prolapse are explained.
The document discusses the biomechanics of the cervical spine. It describes:
1) The cervical spine is made up of two segments - the superior occiput-C2 segment and inferior C3-T1 segment.
2) A typical cervical vertebra has a vertebral body, pedicles, lamina, spinous process, transverse processes and articular processes.
3) Movements of the cervical spine include flexion, extension, lateral bending and rotation which are governed by the orientation of the facet joints.
4) Stability is provided by the bony anatomy, muscles like the deep and superficial neck flexors and extensors, and ligaments like the transverse atlantal lig
The document summarizes the key anatomical features of the cervical vertebrae. There are typically 7 cervical vertebrae, with the 3rd-6th being the most similar in structure. The 1st, 2nd, and 7th vertebrae have some distinguishing characteristics. All cervical vertebrae contain a vertebral body, vertebral foramen, and vertebral arch. The 3rd-6th vertebrae have transverse processes pierced by foramina transversaria for structures like the vertebral artery. The 1st vertebra (atlas) supports the skull and has no body. The 2nd (axis) contains a prominent dens process. The 7th (vertebra prominens) has a long spinous
This document discusses the biomechanics of the spine. It describes how the nucleus pulposus imbibes water, developing internal pressure that is exerted in all directions against the annulus and end plates. This increases the stiffness of the end plate and annulus fibrosus. Measurements find intradiscal pressure is highest with activities like lifting and decreases with loads closer to the body. The spine undergoes shear and tensile stresses during bending, axial rotation, and extension. Low back pain is a frequent cause of activity limitation and has direct annual costs of $11.4 billion, often associated with mechanical loading conditions like frequent bending and twisting.
First aid is providing immediate care to someone who is injured or ill. The key priorities of first aid are maintaining an open airway, ensuring breathing and circulation. Common conditions requiring first aid include asphyxia, drowning, shock, wounds, burns, injuries, foreign objects, and poisoning. For each condition, the summary outlines signs and symptoms and provides recommendations for initial management and care until emergency medical services arrive.
The human spine is made up of 33 vertebrae divided into 5 regions. Each region has characteristic structural features that determine its range of motion. The spine's motion is enabled by intervertebral discs composed of a gel-like nucleus pulposus surrounded by the fibrocartilaginous annulus fibrosus. Muscles around the spine facilitate flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. Forces like body weight, ligament tension, muscle tension, and external loads apply compression, shear, bending and torsional stresses to the spine. Common injuries arise from exceeding the spine's load tolerance or range of motion.
This document discusses biomechanics of the spine and hip, including movements, forces, positioning, and injuries. It covers spinal deviations like lordosis and kyphosis. Forces on the spine include body weight, ligament and muscle tension, and intra-abdominal pressure. Maintaining an upright position requires counteracting torque with back extensor muscle tension. Lifting techniques should use the legs to reduce torque on the back. Common back injuries include pain, fractures, and disc herniations. Prevention focuses on proper posture, lifting, and strengthening weak muscles.