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The civil war

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Giselle Verastegui

The document summarizes key events leading up to the American Civil War between 1840-1863. Tensions grew between the northern and southern states over the issues of slavery and states' rights. The Mexican-American War and Compromise of 1850 temporarily eased tensions but did not resolve the core issues. The Dred Scott decision and election of Abraham Lincoln further polarized the nation. Several southern states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the Civil War began in 1861. Major battles like Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg resulted in high casualties as the Union fought to preserve the United States and abolish slavery.

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The civil war
Imminent Crisis Until the 1840 decade, strains between North and South remain relatively quiet. This conflict less situation gave hope to a peacefully reconciliation between this two regions. But new problems emerged with the slavery expansion. From the North arrived the powerful Abolitionist Movement, while, in South, appeared a new defense to the slavery system and the way of life. Irreconcilable proposals that, at the end, tore the Union.
The Mexican War For years, United States ambitioned the fertile and wasted territories of North Mexico. In 1846, President Polk intended vainly to bribe Mexican government, so he sent Gral. Taylor to cross Nueces River. In spite of the opposition to the war, the invasion continued and US Army took Monterrey, while Gral Kearny was sent to New Mexico and California. Finally, another army lead by Gral.Scott advanced through Mexico卒s valley and won Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and Churubusco. In 1848, with the Guadalupe Hidalgo treaty, Mexico and the US signed an agreement.
The Mexican War Poor Mexico! Despite being So far from unsatisfied with the God and so treaty, Polk had no close to the United States other way to accept the treaty to calm an increasing battle between expansionist whom claimed the total annexation of Mexico; and abolitionist whom though that there was a conspiracy to extend slavery to all the continent.
Slavery and new territories During Mexican War, David Wilmot proposed an amendment whereby slavery were forbidden in the conquered territories. Southern militants argued that all Americans had the same rights in all territories. New president Taylor, believed that each state may solve this problem. But the debate about fugitive slaves and the fear of southern states of an unbalanced Congress, knocked down this idea. Tempers flared dangerously, even a lot of moderate southern leaders spoke about separation.
The 1850 Compromise Involved in that crisis, moderates and unionist spent the winter of 1849 planning a great Compromise. After six months of deliberations, the Old and romantic Guard didn卒t reach an agreement, so new faces like Jefferson Davis and Stephen Douglas took the leadership understanding the importance of flexibility and pragmatic policies. This Compromise wasn卒t a product of a common national ideals but a triumph of personal interest.
The clash of ideologies Free territory, Free work. A necessary Evil. Slavery is immoral. Slaves had better Slavery is a threat for white conditions than white north people. In the heart of American workers. democracy, all citizens must The only way for the have goods, services and coexistence of two races. chance of progress. Individualism, meritocracy. Slavery served as the basis Republican party. for the southern way of life, The Progress and growth free and incorruptible. would be unthinkable with a Free of the capital rivalries. secession. Paternalism to the blacks. NORTH SOUTH
The Dred Scott Affair At least In march of 1857, The Supreme they let me Court intervened on a regional keep the controversy in one of the most suit. controversial ruling of history. Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri bought by a surgeon who took him until Illinois and Wisconsin (where slavery was forbidden). When the surgeon passed away, Scott demanded his freedom arguing that his staying in a free territory makes him a free man. The brother of the widow claimed the possession, arguing that Scott hadn卒t legal support because he was a property, not a citizen. It was a hard defeat for abolitionist and northern.
The election of 1860 This election had the most serious consequences in US History. The election focused in the candidates of Republican party, Abraham Lincoln; and Stephen Douglas, from Democrat party of the north. Lincoln had a great political magnetism because his orator fame. Lincoln won the election, but Republicans didnt achieved the Congress majority. So, that constituted the final sign for many white southern about his allegiance with the Union. Few week after Lincoln's victory, started the process of secession.
The Secession At the end of 1860, the laces that remained together the Union started to tear. South Carolina, home of southern separatism, was the first state to secede in December 1860. Later, in January, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia Louisiana and Texas continued. In February of 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, they founded a new nation: The Confederate States of America. Secessionist took federal buildings and siege Fort Sumter. When President Lincoln said that every act of violence to preserve the secession would be consider as rebellion, Confederate forces bomb Fort Sumter. Civil War had begun.
The sides In case of war, material advantages were with the Union. Their population doubles South, had an advanced industrial system and were able to manufacture their own war supplies. The south fought a defensive war in their land and with local help. The Confederate disposition to war were firm, while in North, were frustration and division. One Rebel victory in one of the crucial moments would be decisive.
The civil war
Union Leadership The most important of the military commanders was Lincoln, with a little experience in militia. From 1861 to 1864 Lincoln tried to find a chief commander do lead the Union army, first he appealed to Winfield Scott, but he resigned; George McClellan, a proud and arrogant General that never found wanting. Until March 1864, Lincoln found a trusty General who share his way of fighting this war: Ulysses S. Grant.
Afro-Americans and the Union 186 000 emancipated Negroes served as soldiers, sailors and workers as well as an important number of free North Afros. During the first months these men were excluded of army, but when Lincoln pronounced the Emancipation Proclamation, the number of volunteers rise rapidly. Most Negroes did humble task, but some were organized as combat units, the most prominent were the 54th Massachusetts Regiment .
The civil war
Confederate Leadership The South military leadership was in hands of President Davis, who was a professional soldier. At the beginnings of 1862, Davis named Gral. Robert E. Lee as his principal military counselor, but Davis never shared the strategic control. In 1864, Davis deposed Lee and named Gral. Braxton Bragg.
The Emancipation policy As the conflict got deeper, many northern started to understand that emancipation should be the main objective of the war. Nothing less justify the huge sacrifice demanded by it. Lincoln assumed the leadership of this feeling and in September 22th 1862, after Antietam Battle, he used his extraordinary powers to issue a warrant whereby all the slaves in the Confederate states were free. In January 1st 1863, this Proclamation was sign. After two centuries, legal slavery was no longer in the United States.
The civil war
War technology Much of what happened in the battlefield was the result of new technologies that change the way of making war. The Civil War is also called as the first modern and total war. However, this conflict was something different as others before and set the tone for future military operations.
War technology Two brand-new technologies were vital for the war course: Train and telegraph. Trains were important in a war where you need to transport millions of soldiers and supplies. However, they limited the armies mobility. The new U.S. Military Telegraph Corp trained and employed 1200 men that sent messages that, in other time, required days for being received.
The civil war
The first encounter: Bull Run Both armies faced each other in Manassas, Virginia. Irving McDowell, with 30 000 Union soldiers against a 29 000 Confederates lead by P.G.T. Beauregard. Union commanders though that if southern were defeated, the war should be ended. At the beginning, McDowell almost disbanded Confederate forces, but they stopped, counter attacked and surprised Union troops that tired for the combat, panicked and broke ranks. Disorganized retreat that was hampered by civilians that came from the Capital with picnic baskets to watch the battle as a country sport.
1st Bull Run Battle map
The civil war
Antietam Battle map
1863 The decisive Year: Gettysburg Lee decided upon an invasion of the North. The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia a much-needed rest. Lee's 72,000-man army could threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and possibly strengthen the growing peace movement in the North. The Union Army under Gral. Joseph Hooker (later Meade), consisted of a combined strength of about 94,000 men. Lee attacked in Cementery Ridge but failed, and the next day intended a desperate attack in an Union well defended hill, this attack is remembered as Pickett卒s Charge. After three days of battle and the lost of 1/3 of his army, Lee withdrawal from the battlefield. Never the south were able to threat seriously northern territory.
Gettysburg Battle Maps
The civil war

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The civil war

  • 2. Imminent Crisis Until the 1840 decade, strains between North and South remain relatively quiet. This conflict less situation gave hope to a peacefully reconciliation between this two regions. But new problems emerged with the slavery expansion. From the North arrived the powerful Abolitionist Movement, while, in South, appeared a new defense to the slavery system and the way of life. Irreconcilable proposals that, at the end, tore the Union.
  • 3. The Mexican War For years, United States ambitioned the fertile and wasted territories of North Mexico. In 1846, President Polk intended vainly to bribe Mexican government, so he sent Gral. Taylor to cross Nueces River. In spite of the opposition to the war, the invasion continued and US Army took Monterrey, while Gral Kearny was sent to New Mexico and California. Finally, another army lead by Gral.Scott advanced through Mexico卒s valley and won Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and Churubusco. In 1848, with the Guadalupe Hidalgo treaty, Mexico and the US signed an agreement.
  • 4. The Mexican War Poor Mexico! Despite being So far from unsatisfied with the God and so treaty, Polk had no close to the United States other way to accept the treaty to calm an increasing battle between expansionist whom claimed the total annexation of Mexico; and abolitionist whom though that there was a conspiracy to extend slavery to all the continent.
  • 5. Slavery and new territories During Mexican War, David Wilmot proposed an amendment whereby slavery were forbidden in the conquered territories. Southern militants argued that all Americans had the same rights in all territories. New president Taylor, believed that each state may solve this problem. But the debate about fugitive slaves and the fear of southern states of an unbalanced Congress, knocked down this idea. Tempers flared dangerously, even a lot of moderate southern leaders spoke about separation.
  • 6. The 1850 Compromise Involved in that crisis, moderates and unionist spent the winter of 1849 planning a great Compromise. After six months of deliberations, the Old and romantic Guard didn卒t reach an agreement, so new faces like Jefferson Davis and Stephen Douglas took the leadership understanding the importance of flexibility and pragmatic policies. This Compromise wasn卒t a product of a common national ideals but a triumph of personal interest.
  • 7. The clash of ideologies Free territory, Free work. A necessary Evil. Slavery is immoral. Slaves had better Slavery is a threat for white conditions than white north people. In the heart of American workers. democracy, all citizens must The only way for the have goods, services and coexistence of two races. chance of progress. Individualism, meritocracy. Slavery served as the basis Republican party. for the southern way of life, The Progress and growth free and incorruptible. would be unthinkable with a Free of the capital rivalries. secession. Paternalism to the blacks. NORTH SOUTH
  • 8. The Dred Scott Affair At least In march of 1857, The Supreme they let me Court intervened on a regional keep the controversy in one of the most suit. controversial ruling of history. Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri bought by a surgeon who took him until Illinois and Wisconsin (where slavery was forbidden). When the surgeon passed away, Scott demanded his freedom arguing that his staying in a free territory makes him a free man. The brother of the widow claimed the possession, arguing that Scott hadn卒t legal support because he was a property, not a citizen. It was a hard defeat for abolitionist and northern.
  • 9. The election of 1860 This election had the most serious consequences in US History. The election focused in the candidates of Republican party, Abraham Lincoln; and Stephen Douglas, from Democrat party of the north. Lincoln had a great political magnetism because his orator fame. Lincoln won the election, but Republicans didnt achieved the Congress majority. So, that constituted the final sign for many white southern about his allegiance with the Union. Few week after Lincoln's victory, started the process of secession.
  • 10. The Secession At the end of 1860, the laces that remained together the Union started to tear. South Carolina, home of southern separatism, was the first state to secede in December 1860. Later, in January, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia Louisiana and Texas continued. In February of 1861, in Montgomery, Alabama, they founded a new nation: The Confederate States of America. Secessionist took federal buildings and siege Fort Sumter. When President Lincoln said that every act of violence to preserve the secession would be consider as rebellion, Confederate forces bomb Fort Sumter. Civil War had begun.
  • 11. The sides In case of war, material advantages were with the Union. Their population doubles South, had an advanced industrial system and were able to manufacture their own war supplies. The south fought a defensive war in their land and with local help. The Confederate disposition to war were firm, while in North, were frustration and division. One Rebel victory in one of the crucial moments would be decisive.
  • 13. Union Leadership The most important of the military commanders was Lincoln, with a little experience in militia. From 1861 to 1864 Lincoln tried to find a chief commander do lead the Union army, first he appealed to Winfield Scott, but he resigned; George McClellan, a proud and arrogant General that never found wanting. Until March 1864, Lincoln found a trusty General who share his way of fighting this war: Ulysses S. Grant.
  • 14. Afro-Americans and the Union 186 000 emancipated Negroes served as soldiers, sailors and workers as well as an important number of free North Afros. During the first months these men were excluded of army, but when Lincoln pronounced the Emancipation Proclamation, the number of volunteers rise rapidly. Most Negroes did humble task, but some were organized as combat units, the most prominent were the 54th Massachusetts Regiment .
  • 16. Confederate Leadership The South military leadership was in hands of President Davis, who was a professional soldier. At the beginnings of 1862, Davis named Gral. Robert E. Lee as his principal military counselor, but Davis never shared the strategic control. In 1864, Davis deposed Lee and named Gral. Braxton Bragg.
  • 17. The Emancipation policy As the conflict got deeper, many northern started to understand that emancipation should be the main objective of the war. Nothing less justify the huge sacrifice demanded by it. Lincoln assumed the leadership of this feeling and in September 22th 1862, after Antietam Battle, he used his extraordinary powers to issue a warrant whereby all the slaves in the Confederate states were free. In January 1st 1863, this Proclamation was sign. After two centuries, legal slavery was no longer in the United States.
  • 19. War technology Much of what happened in the battlefield was the result of new technologies that change the way of making war. The Civil War is also called as the first modern and total war. However, this conflict was something different as others before and set the tone for future military operations.
  • 20. War technology Two brand-new technologies were vital for the war course: Train and telegraph. Trains were important in a war where you need to transport millions of soldiers and supplies. However, they limited the armies mobility. The new U.S. Military Telegraph Corp trained and employed 1200 men that sent messages that, in other time, required days for being received.
  • 22. The first encounter: Bull Run Both armies faced each other in Manassas, Virginia. Irving McDowell, with 30 000 Union soldiers against a 29 000 Confederates lead by P.G.T. Beauregard. Union commanders though that if southern were defeated, the war should be ended. At the beginning, McDowell almost disbanded Confederate forces, but they stopped, counter attacked and surprised Union troops that tired for the combat, panicked and broke ranks. Disorganized retreat that was hampered by civilians that came from the Capital with picnic baskets to watch the battle as a country sport.
  • 23. 1st Bull Run Battle map
  • 26. 1863 The decisive Year: Gettysburg Lee decided upon an invasion of the North. The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia a much-needed rest. Lee's 72,000-man army could threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and possibly strengthen the growing peace movement in the North. The Union Army under Gral. Joseph Hooker (later Meade), consisted of a combined strength of about 94,000 men. Lee attacked in Cementery Ridge but failed, and the next day intended a desperate attack in an Union well defended hill, this attack is remembered as Pickett卒s Charge. After three days of battle and the lost of 1/3 of his army, Lee withdrawal from the battlefield. Never the south were able to threat seriously northern territory.