The economics of tourism development 2012 part 2
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This document outlines the development of a research design for studying how competition and cooperation among tourism stakeholders influences sustainability on small oceanic islands. It will use a qualitative embedded multiple case study approach with three data sources per case. The research questions examine how World Heritage listing, cultural/socioeconomic contexts, and other factors shape stakeholder interactions and sustainability. Case sites will be natural or mixed World Heritage-listed, small, inhabited oceanic islands that successfully conserve natural heritage. Challenges include overcoming mainland biases and allowing an inductive process.
The economics of tourism development 2012 part 2
- 1. 1 PART 5 DEVELOPING A RESEARCH DESIGN LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 2. Framework for the Research Focus ≒ Vision ≒ Drivers and Inhibitors ≒ Strategy ≒ Intervening Condi5ons ≒ Context LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 3. CompeDDon and CooperaDon The control of a complex ≒ Complex Adap5ve Systems (Waldrop, adapDve system tends to be 1992) highly dispersed. () If there is to be any coherent ≒ Economic Clustering Theory (Porter, behaviour in the system, it 1998) has to arise from ≒ Tourism Micro-足Clusters and Networks compeDDon and cooperaDon among the (Michael, 2007) agents themselves (Waldrop, 1992, p. 145). LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 4. Degrees of Sustainability Considering sustainability infers a strong vision for the future and that the future poses a lot of uncertainty, it is preferable to suggest that a certain pathway seems more or less sustainable according to scenarios that are projected, but s5ll uncertain, rather than simply sustainable or unsustainable. Classifying pathways as sustainable or unsustainable is only possible when analysing the past for present consequences are known, but never the future as it is s5ll to be seen. LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 5. World Heritage Enlistment Interna5onal Conven5on Concerning the Protec5on of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO, 1972). The inscripDon of a site on the World Heritage List brings an inevitable and welcomed awareness and curiosity about the site and its outstanding values (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2008). LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 6. World Heritage Enlistment If a site loses the characterisDcs which determined its inscrip5on on the World Heritage List, the World Heritage CommiOee may decide to delete the property from both the List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, 2008). LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 7. Research Focus ≒ Sustainability Degrees ≒ Compe55on and Coopera5on ≒ World Heritage Enlistment ≒ Small Oceanic Islands ≒ Development Contexts LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 8. Research QuesDons Primary Ques5on: 1. How do di鍖erent types of compeDDon and cooperaDon among tourism stakeholders of natural World Heritage enlisted small oceanic island des5na5ons in鍖uence the sustainability of their tourism development? Secondary Ques5ons: 1. How does UNESCOs World Heritage enlistment program in鍖uence compeDDon and cooperaDon among tourism stakeholders of enlisted small oceanic island des5na5ons? 2. How do the cultural, socio-足economic and regulatory contexts of such des5na5ons in鍖uence these relaDonships? 3. Which other signi鍖cant factors currently a鍖ect the way such stakeholders compete and cooperate and how? LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 9. Overarching Research Framework Sustainability and Tourism Research Topic Development Socio-Ecological Complex Research Object Adaptive Systems Holistic and Inductive- Research Approach Deductive Embedded Multiple Research Design Qualitative Case Study Social and Multiple Organisations Data Collection Sources Tourist Destinations Organisational and People Networks Structure Agency Grounded Sustainability and Data Analysis Theory Tourism Development (Competition and (Competition and Coop.) Coop.) LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 10. Research Methodology ≒ Qualita5ve Embedded Mul5ple Case Study ≒ Three Sources of Data and Evidence per Case (Yin, 2009) and Data Triangula5on (Pa`on, 2002, p. 247) ≒ Two Stages of Field Data Collec5on ≒ Data Analysis using a Grounded Theory Approach (Glaser 1967) LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 11. Small Oceanic Islands ≒ Size ≒ Coastal Areas (Climate Change) ≒ Isola5on ≒ Ampli鍖ca5on of condi5ons and consequences ≒ Scarcity of resources ≒ Sense of Limits LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 12. Challenges ≒ Overcome my own mainland mindset ≒ Be able to use a NISSOLOGY approach, or to study the island and their inhabitants on their own terms ≒ Induc5ve research requires a lot of decision-足making not beforehand, but throughout the process (non-足linear kind of research) LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 13. Cases SelecDon Process Reason(s) to Natural Heritage and Mixed Small Oceanic Year of Disconsider as a Case Country Criteria Island Sites Inscription Study Uninhabited / No Heard and M cDonald Islands Australia 1197 viii;ix permanent Population ≒ Small oceanic islands Lord Howe I sland Group Australia 1982 vii; x No reason Filter 1 Uninhabited / No Macquarie Island Australia 1997 vii; v iii permanent Population Brazilian Atlantic I slands: Fernando de Noronha No reason for FEN; No ≒ Succesfully conserve their natural Brazil 2001 vii; ix; x (FEN) and Atol das Rocas Reserves (ADR) tourists allowed in ADR heritage and are enlisted by UNESCO Filter 2 Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary Colombia 2006 vii; ix Uninhabited / No permanent Population Uninhabited / No Cocos Island National Park Costa Rica 1997 ix; x ≒ Tourism des5na5ons that are visited permanent Population by tourists which stay inland vii; v iii; Enlisted as in danger Gal叩pagos Islands Equator 1978 Filter 3 overnight ix; x property New Uninhabited / No New Zealand Sub-足Antarctic Islands 1998 ix; x Zealand permanent Population ≒ Existence of permanent popula5on Russian Uninhabited / No Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve 2004 ix; x Federation permanent Population that is involved with tourism Filter 4 Uninhabited / No Aldabra Atoll Sychelles 1982 vii; ix; x permanent Population United Uninhabited / No Gough and Inaccessible Islands 1995 vii; x Kingdom permanent Population United Uninhabited / No Henderson Island 1988 vii; x Kingdom permanent Population LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 14. MulDple Case Study Site SelecDon FERNANDO DE NORONHA ARCHIPELAGO LORD HOWE ISLANDS LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 15. Lord Howe Island Group LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 16. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 17. Sites CharacterisDcs Island Name Fernando de Noronha Lord Howe Island Country Name Brazil Australia Country Population 191,429,828 21,844,831 Country Area 8,511,965 sq km 7,692,024 sq km Country Density 22.4 per sq km 2.8 per sq km State PE NSW Island Population 2,321 364 Island Area 16.99 sq km 15.2 sq km Island Density 136.6 per sq km 23.9 per sq km Visitors Limit 450 400 Distance from Connecting Airport 545 km 700 km Part of National Marine Park Yes Yes World Heritage Enlisted by UNESCO 2001 1982 LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 18. Fernando de Noronha Flying In and Out LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 19. Fernando de Noronha Port LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 20. Fernando de Noronha Birds LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 21. Fernando de Noronha Birds LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 22. Fernando de Noronha Birds LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES
- 23. Fernando de Noronha Marine Life LEONARDO NOGUEIRA DE MORAES