�ݺ�ߣ

Editor's Notes

• #3: The Persian Garden developed in the mountainous plateau which formed the central area of the Persian Empire. There water was a priceless commodity. This was reflected in the traditional Persian Garden which was composed of four essentials: water for irrigation, display and sound, shade trees for shelter, flowers for scent and color, and music to delight the ears, a typical garden design found from Persia to Spain and in many old carpets and miniature paintings is a quadrant pattern with water channels dividing the garden into four sections.
• #6: Humans are intrinsically in tune with water and receptive of its presence. With water comes life and often within our role as designers and landscape stewards we are presented both good uses and poor uses of water in the landscape. Poor uses often lead to destruction and degradation of the landscape; or worse, the risk of a total loss of habitat.
• #9: Where water was plentiful and the Mughal designers were able to make use of it in a way that would, no doubt, appear profligate to the Arabs who inhabited less generous climes.
• #12: The collapse of the Roman Empire signaled a virtual end to ornamental gardening in Western Europe until the Islamic conquest of Spain in the eighth century. The pools and fountains of the Alhambra are major examples of that influence as is the Taj Mahal in India.
• #13: To the west the Arabs took the Persian Influence and developed the Moorish gardens illustrated by those at Granada in Southern Spain. To do this they utilized gravity systems which had not been in use since the Romans to ensure a plentiful supply of water. Two great qualities stand out in Islamic gardens and fountains: Firstly the fountains never had any likeness of men, as the Koran forbade it , and secondly they were always more restrained in the quantity of water used (excepting certain Mughal gardens) although this was balanced with a feeling of plenty. They combined the need for irrigation with channels bowls and fountains to create cool, sweet smelling gardens in the hottest and most hostile of terrain.
• #16: "The whole design of the garden is etched in water. From the rock face at the top a little waterfall fills a rough stone pool. The water is then led down the center of the garden in stages each more sophisticated than the last until it reaches the water-parterre at the bottom. The entrance to the garden is at this level and is reached by steps which pass above a large curved pool with sculpture by Giambologna in the center. This pool has a crucial function since it links the formal garden with its counter-balance, the half-wild woodland threaded with paths and occasional fountain jets."
• #19: The streams in the Chinese garden always follow a winding course, and are hidden from time to time by rocks or vegetation. A French Jesuit missionary, Father Attiret, who was a painter in the service of the Qianlong Emperor from 1738 to 1768, described one garden he saw: "The canals are not like those in our country bordered with finely cut stone, but very rustic and lined with pieces or rock, some coming forward, some retreating. which are placed so artistically that you would think it was a work of nature."[45]
• #21: A famous royal garden of the late Shang Dynasty was the Terrace, Pond and Parkof the Spirit (Lingtai, Lingzhao Lingyou) built by King Wenwang west of his capital city, Yin