The extent of indoor pollution in jamaica
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The document discusses indoor air pollution issues in Jamaica. It notes that buildings constructed after the 1970s aimed for energy efficiency through reduced ventilation. This led to increased pollutant levels from synthetic materials and lack of maintenance. Major indoor pollutants discussed include benzene, formaldehyde, mold, and viruses. Exposure to these pollutants can cause various health issues. The document recommends increasing ventilation rates according to ASHRAE standards. It also discusses pollution issues from the use of household cleaners and notes some exposure cases in Jamaica. Outdoor air pollution is also examined, including impacts from climate change, the economic costs of energy imports, and exposure of hospitality workers to secondhand smoke. Natural solutions to improve air quality like plants and green
The extent of indoor pollution in jamaica
- 1. The Extent of Indoor Pollution in Jamaica Prof. Homero Silva President JOHPA
- 2. The Problem Buildings built after the late 1970s, when the energy crunch was being felt at both the gas pump and cooling costs, were designed to maximize energy efficiency to help alleviate spiraling energy costs. Two of the design changes that improved energy efficiency included superinsulation and reduced fresh air exchange.
- 5. Development Why the concern? Source: The Bathroom, the Kitchen and the Aesthetics of Waste. (1992) Upton and Abbott Miller.
- 9. The Problem Synthetic building materials, which are known to emit or "off-gas" various organic compounds, have been linked to numerous health complaints. The office equipment and furnishings placed in these buildings are also a contributing factor because of the types of materials used in their manufacture and design. Lack of maintenance of air conditioning ducts may also be contributing to biological pollution.
- 10. The Problem Indoor Chemical Pollutants Indoor biological Pollutants
- 11. Indoor Chemical Pollutants Benzene Trichloroethylene Formaldehyde
- 12. Indoor biological Pollutants Bacteria, molds, pollen, and viruses are types of biological contaminants. Biological contaminants are, or are produced by, living things. Common biological contaminants include mold, dust mites, pet dander (skin flakes), droppings and body parts from cockroaches, rodents and other pests or insects, viruses, and bacteria. Many of these biological contaminants are small enough to be inhaled.
- 13. We eat 1kg of food per day We drink 2 litres per day We breathe 25kg of air per day! A big part of the population lives and works in areas where the rates of particles exceed WHO guidelines regarding PM2,5 (10亮g/m3/year)
- 14. End Result
- 15. Recommendation In order to achieve acceptable indoor air quality in office environments, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) latest ventilation standard (Standard 62-1999) raised the recommended outdoor air ventilation rates from 5 cfm/occupant to 20 cfm/occupant. This four-fold increase in ventilation rates was contrary to common energy conservation practices and has raised a number of questions concerning the feasibility and cost of implementing this standard. ASHRAE 62-2004 recommended minimum Outdoor Air Flow Range 15 - 60 cfm per person Most common range 15 - 35 cfm per person Average range 15 - 20 cfm per person
- 17. How much does electricity cost? Average national electricity in US cents/kwh (2011) 45 41 40 38 35 35 30 Cost, US Cents/kWh 28 26 25 20 17 15 10 5 0 10 10 10 8 8 11 12 18 19 20 29 30
- 18. Cost of Electricty versus GDP per Capita 80000 70000 GDP per capita (US$) 60000 Canada 50000 USA 40000 30000 20000 10000 Jamaica 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Cost of Electricty (US Cents/kWh) 35 40 45
- 20. Climate Change Impacts Higher temperatures 2 oC Higher Relative Humidity 2.2% from 1973 to 2003 Rising seas Increased risk of drought, fire and floods Stronger storms and increased storm damage Changing landscapes More heat-related illness and disease Economic losses Wildlife at risk It is expected an increase of 1.5 to 2.8o Celsius increase in temperature by 2050 and 2080
- 23. Temperature Increase Heat Island Increase in Temperature by Heat Island 5.8 a 8.0 oC, above present conditions an average of 6.9 oC Total Temperature Increase By 2050 1.5 + 6.9 = 8.4 oC By 2080 2.8 + 6.9 = 9.7 oC
- 24. Weak Economy Energy Imports Value of all the island's exports from January to August this year would fail to cover the cost of importing petroleum products for the same period. Total exports valued US$1.1 billion or J$97 billion, while imported petroleum products valued US$1.6 billion or J$142 billion. This represents a US$500 million, or J$45 billion trade deficit on petroleum products alone.
- 25. Total imports, including petroleum products, valued more than US$4.3 billion or J$382 billion. For every J$1,000 in exports earned, Jamaica has to find J$3,900 to cover its import bill. The total deficit in 2012 stands at US$3.2 billion, in excess of J$284 billion. Jamaica must find almost J$105,000 per citizen to pay for all the imports the island has made in this calendar year up to August 2012.
- 26. The cost of importation Item J$ Million per Hour Food J$9.5 Machinery and transport equipment J$9.3 Chemicals J$7.9 Manufactured goods J$6.4 Other items, including cigarettes, alcohol and cardboard boxes J$7.7
- 31. Number of Banks Scotia Bank National Commercial bank First Caribbean Bank First Global RBC Royal Sagicor Citibank Total 37 38 13 6 13 6 2 115
- 32. Labour Distribution By Sector Goods Producing sector Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing Mining Manufacturing Construction/Installation 216500 9700 71200 110900 Services Producing Sectors Electricity/Gas/Water Wholesale/Retails/Hotels/Restaurants Services Transport/Storage/Communication Finance/Insurance/Real Estate/Business Services Community/Social/Personal services Industry Not specified Total Emploted Labour Force 7600 269700 79700 74100 317700 1700 1158800
- 35. Service Sector In 2008, the services sector which consists mainly of: i. transport, storage and communication; ii. finance, insurance, real estate and business services; iii. community, social and personal services; iv. electricity, gas and water, v. wholesale and retail trades, hotels and restaurant services) Employed an annual average of 748,800 persons Approximately 65% of the employed labour force
- 36. The Extent of the Problem 300,000 Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in Jamaica 54,116 business 126,300 Government Employees 269,700 Wholesale/Retails/Hotels/Restaurants Services 74,100 Finance/Insurance/Real Estate/Business Services
- 37. The Extent of the Problem Health is considered the absence of disease Illness still not a disease just Discomfort. Sensory irritation of the eyes, nose, throat; skin irritation, etc. Lack of OHS safety in small and medium enterprises
- 38. Some Household Products Air Freshener, Deodorizer, Odour Remover All-Purpose Cleaner Fabric Softeners Bleach Carpet Cleaner Carpet Deodorizer Dishwashing Liquid (Hand) Dishwashing Detergent (Automatic) Disinfectant Drain Opener Fabric Softener Floor Cleaner, Wax, Polish Floor and Furniture Polish Glass Cleaner Heavy Duty Cleaner Laundry Detergent Soap Laundry Stain Remover Laundry Starch Lime or Mineral Remover Metal Cleaner/Polish Mould and Mildew Cleaners Oven Cleaner Scouring Powder Sink, Tub and Tile Spot Remover Toilet Bowl Cleaner and Deodorizer Upholstery Cleaner and Protector
- 40. Common Hazardous Ingredients in Cleaning Products Acetone Ammonia Diethanolamine (DEA) D-limonene Ethoxylated nonyl phenol Formaldehyde Fragrance Methylene chloride Monoethanolamine Morpholine Naphthalene Parabens Paradichlorobenzene Phosphoric acid Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Toluene Turpentine Xylene
- 41. Some Known Cases Ministry of Health Air Jamaica Building (2012) St Joseph Hospital (Asbestos) University of West Indies Hospital (Asbestos)
- 43. Exposure to SHS from tobacco products in Hospitality Workers in Jamaica Exposed to air pollution levels that are two times the EPA annual average occupational exposure standard. Air quality measurements show that harmful pollution is released in the air by cigarette smoking. The air quality in places where smoking was observed exceeded the WHO Air Quality Guideline by 9 times and is regarded as unhealthy and harmful according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards.
- 44. SHS contains 4,000 chemicals, of which at least 250 are known to be harmful and 50 of which are toxic and can cause cancer; There is no safe level of exposure to SHS from burning tobacco products which has been proven to be harmful to both smokers and non-smokers Immediate health effects such as eye irritation, dizziness and nausea and long term health effects including lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and respiratory illnesses in adults; and in children sudden infant death syndrome, ear infections, upper respiratory infections and severe asthma
- 45. Exposure to SHS from tobacco products in Hospitality Workers in Jamaica (2011) Thirty (30) locations were sampled during peak hours of business: 10 fast-food places, 10 bars, 7 restaurants and 3 clubs, Twenty nine (29) venues were used for data analysis as one sample was statistically identified as an outlier.
- 46. Results of the study Smoking Observed Place Locations Bars Clubs Fast Foods Restaurants Air Pollution PM2.5 (袖g/m3) Number 14 9 2 2 1 94 % 48 90 67 22 14 Smoking not Observed Number % 15 52 1 10 1 33 7 78 6 86 18 Air pollution was 8 times higher in locations where smoking was observed than in the locations where smoking was not observed. The WHO sets an air quality PM2.5 guideline annual target mean of 10 亮g/m3 to maintain good health. The air quality in places where smoking was observed exceeded the WHO annual mean by 9 times. The calculated annual average occupational exposure of employees due to their occupational exposure to tobacco smoke pollution is 21亮g/m3, which is 2 times higher than annual levels established by the EPA.
- 49. Natural Solution
- 51. Removal of low concentrations of benzene and trichloroethylene using a golden pothos in an 8 inch pot
- 52. Safe Solution
- 54. WHITE ROOFS Roof Temperature Reduction 24 C Energy Consumption Reduction (~20%) A corresponding 14% drop in peak hour demand). 1000 ft2 = 10 Tons CO2
- 55. Green Walls A green wall is a wall of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane; surface of an exterior green wall is up to 10属C cooler than an exposed wall, considerably less heat is radiated inward.
- 56. Green Walls
- 57. Energy Efficient Lamps: Light Emmiting Diode (LED) Increasingly used for lighting. Visible, ultraviolet and infrared 2.3 W - lighting to read a book Life expectancy 50K -100K hours No Heat emission. No UV or IR emissions LED Lighting
- 58. Economic Benefits Significant productivity gains, Absenteeism Health problems Better sense of well-being More content and comfortable, Morale is higher Concentration and productivity are negatively effected when elevated levels of carbon dioxide are present indoors 12 percent more productive and less stressed
- 59. Economic Benefits More innovative thinking, generating more ideas and original solutions to problems in the office environment that included flowers and plants. In these surroundings, men who participated in the study generated 15% more ideas. And while males generated a greater abundance of ideas, females generated more creative, flexible solutions to problems when flowers and plants were present. When reviewing 12 of the common symptoms most often related to poor indoor air quality and 'sick building syndrome,' there was a 23% lower complaint rate during the period when the participants had plants in their offices. A significant reduction in neuro-psychological symptoms and in mucous membrane symptoms, while skin symptoms seemed to be unaffected by the plant intervention
- 60. India Studies
- 63. Prevalence (%) of respiratory symptoms in past three months
- 64. Prevalence (%) of lung function decrement
- 65. Comparison of Sputum Cytology, genotoxicty and hypertension data