際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

The life of john maynard keynes & an

Download as PPTX, PDF
B
benjaminsanders1984

John Maynard Keynes was a British economist born in 1883 in Cambridge, England. He attended Cambridge University where he studied mathematics and befriended members of the Bloomsbury Group. After graduating, Keynes held several government positions before returning to Cambridge. In the 1930s, Keynes published his seminal work "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" which laid the foundations for modern macroeconomics and advocated for governments to spend money and implement fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during downturns. Keynes played a key role in the Bretton Woods institutions and helped establish the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, dying in 1946.

1 of 29
Downloaded 78 times
By: Benjamin Sanders
John Maynard Keynes was born on June 5, 1883 He was born in Cambridge, England into an upper class family of intellectuals Keynes did very well at Eton as well as Cambridge University, where his focus was mathematics At Cambridge University, he became friends with members of the Bloomsbury group of intellectuals and artists
Upon graduating, Keynes went to work in the India Office While at the India Office, he earned a fellowship at King's College In 1908, he quit the civil service and returned to Cambridge
After World War One started, Keynes joined the treasury After the British were victorious, they imposed huge reparations on Germany at the Versailles peace treaty. This did not sit well with Keynes
Keynes published the very successful book, 'The Economic Consequences of the Peace'. In this book, he criticized the excessive war reparations demanded from a defeated Germany He also predicted that it would foster a desire for revenge among Germans
In 1926, he married Lydia Lopokova, a Russian ballerina
In 1931, at the invitation of the University of Chicago, Keynes travels to America to give a lecture on the Harris foundation. His chief desire is to study America's economic conditions at first hand He has interviews with senior people in the Federal Reserve and with President Hoover. He is pleased with the Federal Reserve's attitude that it should promote economic expansion
Keynes continues to advocate that the government should borrow money and undertake large-scale public works to stimulate the economy This helps to foster the New Deal
While in America, he studies its economy and its stocks and bonds for personal investment purposes He decides that share prices of public utilities are priced for exceptional value and he invests a large part of his own funds The risk pays off big time
In 1936, Keynes published his best-known work, 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Heavily anticipated, cheaply priced and favorably timed for a world caught in the grips of the Great Depression, the General Theory made a splash in both academic and political circles
With the General Theory, as it became known, Keynes sought to develop a theory that could explain the determination of aggregate output, and as a consequence- employment He stated that the critical determining factor regarding this issue was aggregate demand
Keynes wanted to show Classic economists that the current system would not just fix itself out of the Great Depression. He sought to mathematically prove that the United States was in a state of equilibrium, even with widespread unemployment GDP= C + I + G + X, where C= Consumers I = Investment (business) G= Government Spending and X= Exports- Imports. The current X factor in the United States is approximately -2% currently
The best seller discussed the possibility of using government fiscal and monetary policy to help eliminate recessions and control economic booms By writing 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money', Keynes almost single-handedly laid the framework and ideas behind what became known as "macroeconomics".
In 1942, he was made a member of the House of Lords in England During the war years, Keynes played a critical role in the negotiations that would shape the post-war economic order on a global scale
In 1944, Keynes led the British delegation to the Briton Woods conference in the United States At the conference he played a significant part in the planning of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
John Maynard Keynes died on April 21st, 1946
Keynesian economics is a dynamic system that would take hundreds, if not thousands, of hours to describe and analyze in detail. The following is my attempt to capture some of Keynes central economic concepts and explain them to the audience in a nutshell.
Keynesian economics is a theory of total spending in the economy, called aggregate demand, and its effects on output and inflation
Keynes stated that if Investment exceeds Saving, there will be inflation. If Saving exceeds Investment there will be recession. One implication of this is that, in the midst of an economic depression, the correct course of action should be to encourage spending and discourage saving (the current state we find ourselves in).
Keynes took issue with Say's Law - one of the economic "givens" of his era. Say's Law states that supply creates demand. Keynes believed the opposite to be true - output is determined by demand.
Keynes argued that full employment could not always be reached by making wages sufficiently low. Economies are made up of aggregate quantities of output resulting from aggregate streams of expenditure - unemployment is caused if people don't spend enough money.
In recessions the aggregate demand of economies falls. In other words, businesses and people tighten their belts and spend less money. Lower spending results in demand falling further and a vicious circle ensues of job losses and further falls in spending. Keynes's solution to the problem was that governments should borrow money and boost demand by pushing the money into the economy. Once the economy recovered, and was expanding again, governments should pay back the loans.
Keynes's view that governments should play a major role in economic management marked a break with the laissez-faire economics of Adam Smith, which held that economies function best when markets are left free of state intervention.
During the 1970s, stagflation was plaguing America Stagflation is a condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation Stagflation occurs when the economy isn't growing, but prices are; which is not a good situation for a country to be in
During the 1970s, world oil prices rose dramatically, fueling sharp inflation in developed countries including America.
This economic system called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and the deregulation of domestic markets
Reaganomics was partially based on the principles of supply-side economics and the trickle-down theory These theories hold the view that decreases in taxes, especially for corporations, is the best way to stimulate economic growth: the idea is that if the expenses of corporations are reduced, the savings will "trickle down" to the rest of the economy, spurring growth.
America is slowly readopting some Keynesian principles. The recession is declared over, but we are clearly not out of the woods GDP must be rising at 3% or more to get us out of the current funk we are in
The life of john maynard keynes & an

More Related Content

The life of john maynard keynes & an

  • 2. John Maynard Keynes was born on June 5, 1883 He was born in Cambridge, England into an upper class family of intellectuals Keynes did very well at Eton as well as Cambridge University, where his focus was mathematics At Cambridge University, he became friends with members of the Bloomsbury group of intellectuals and artists
  • 3. Upon graduating, Keynes went to work in the India Office While at the India Office, he earned a fellowship at King's College In 1908, he quit the civil service and returned to Cambridge
  • 4. After World War One started, Keynes joined the treasury After the British were victorious, they imposed huge reparations on Germany at the Versailles peace treaty. This did not sit well with Keynes
  • 5. Keynes published the very successful book, 'The Economic Consequences of the Peace'. In this book, he criticized the excessive war reparations demanded from a defeated Germany He also predicted that it would foster a desire for revenge among Germans
  • 6. In 1926, he married Lydia Lopokova, a Russian ballerina
  • 7. In 1931, at the invitation of the University of Chicago, Keynes travels to America to give a lecture on the Harris foundation. His chief desire is to study America's economic conditions at first hand He has interviews with senior people in the Federal Reserve and with President Hoover. He is pleased with the Federal Reserve's attitude that it should promote economic expansion
  • 8. Keynes continues to advocate that the government should borrow money and undertake large-scale public works to stimulate the economy This helps to foster the New Deal
  • 9. While in America, he studies its economy and its stocks and bonds for personal investment purposes He decides that share prices of public utilities are priced for exceptional value and he invests a large part of his own funds The risk pays off big time
  • 10. In 1936, Keynes published his best-known work, 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Heavily anticipated, cheaply priced and favorably timed for a world caught in the grips of the Great Depression, the General Theory made a splash in both academic and political circles
  • 11. With the General Theory, as it became known, Keynes sought to develop a theory that could explain the determination of aggregate output, and as a consequence- employment He stated that the critical determining factor regarding this issue was aggregate demand
  • 12. Keynes wanted to show Classic economists that the current system would not just fix itself out of the Great Depression. He sought to mathematically prove that the United States was in a state of equilibrium, even with widespread unemployment GDP= C + I + G + X, where C= Consumers I = Investment (business) G= Government Spending and X= Exports- Imports. The current X factor in the United States is approximately -2% currently
  • 13. The best seller discussed the possibility of using government fiscal and monetary policy to help eliminate recessions and control economic booms By writing 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money', Keynes almost single-handedly laid the framework and ideas behind what became known as "macroeconomics".
  • 14. In 1942, he was made a member of the House of Lords in England During the war years, Keynes played a critical role in the negotiations that would shape the post-war economic order on a global scale
  • 15. In 1944, Keynes led the British delegation to the Briton Woods conference in the United States At the conference he played a significant part in the planning of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
  • 16. John Maynard Keynes died on April 21st, 1946
  • 17. Keynesian economics is a dynamic system that would take hundreds, if not thousands, of hours to describe and analyze in detail. The following is my attempt to capture some of Keynes central economic concepts and explain them to the audience in a nutshell.
  • 18. Keynesian economics is a theory of total spending in the economy, called aggregate demand, and its effects on output and inflation
  • 19. Keynes stated that if Investment exceeds Saving, there will be inflation. If Saving exceeds Investment there will be recession. One implication of this is that, in the midst of an economic depression, the correct course of action should be to encourage spending and discourage saving (the current state we find ourselves in).
  • 20. Keynes took issue with Say's Law - one of the economic "givens" of his era. Say's Law states that supply creates demand. Keynes believed the opposite to be true - output is determined by demand.
  • 21. Keynes argued that full employment could not always be reached by making wages sufficiently low. Economies are made up of aggregate quantities of output resulting from aggregate streams of expenditure - unemployment is caused if people don't spend enough money.
  • 22. In recessions the aggregate demand of economies falls. In other words, businesses and people tighten their belts and spend less money. Lower spending results in demand falling further and a vicious circle ensues of job losses and further falls in spending. Keynes's solution to the problem was that governments should borrow money and boost demand by pushing the money into the economy. Once the economy recovered, and was expanding again, governments should pay back the loans.
  • 23. Keynes's view that governments should play a major role in economic management marked a break with the laissez-faire economics of Adam Smith, which held that economies function best when markets are left free of state intervention.
  • 24. During the 1970s, stagflation was plaguing America Stagflation is a condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation Stagflation occurs when the economy isn't growing, but prices are; which is not a good situation for a country to be in
  • 25. During the 1970s, world oil prices rose dramatically, fueling sharp inflation in developed countries including America.
  • 26. This economic system called for widespread tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and the deregulation of domestic markets
  • 27. Reaganomics was partially based on the principles of supply-side economics and the trickle-down theory These theories hold the view that decreases in taxes, especially for corporations, is the best way to stimulate economic growth: the idea is that if the expenses of corporations are reduced, the savings will "trickle down" to the rest of the economy, spurring growth.
  • 28. America is slowly readopting some Keynesian principles. The recession is declared over, but we are clearly not out of the woods GDP must be rising at 3% or more to get us out of the current funk we are in