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Understanding the problems &
possible solutions
THE NEED FOR A
PARADIGM SHIFT IN THE
PRESENT METHODS FOR
CONTROL OF
MOSQUITOES

THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF DENGUE
According to the WHO,
“ The incidence of Dengue has grown
dramatically around the world in recent
decades……the number of cases reported
increased from 2.2 million in 2010, to 3.34
million in 2016.” Another study, of the
prevalence of dengue, estimates that “3.9
Billion people , in 128 countries are at risk of
infection with dengue viruses”
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Major types of mosquitoes in Malaysia and the
region.
•Anopheles: Responsible for transmission of
malaria, rests outdoors and indoors.
•Aedes: Responsible for transmission of
Dengue, Zika, Yellow fever, Chikununya
viruses. Rests primarily indoors.
•Culex: Responsible for transmission of
Japanese encephalitis, West Nile Viruses. Rests
primarily Indoors.

DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY FEMALE AEDES
SPP MOSQUITOES
✓ Dengue,
✓ Chikungunya,
✓ Zika, and the
✓ Yellow Fever viruses

MOSQUITOES: RESTING BEHAVIOUR
• In a study done on “ Resting
behaviour of Aedes aegyptii in
Trinidad by Dave D. Chadee, it
was found that the major
resting sites of Aedes aegyptii
were bedrooms(81.9%), Living
rooms(8.7%), and the
kitchen(6.9%). The report
recommended Indoor
residual spraying especially
during dengue fever
outbreaks.

MOSQUITO RESTING BEHAVIOUR(2)
• In another scientific report,
reported in the Journal of
Medical Entomology, and its
relation to ultra low volume
adulticide efficacy in Panama
City, Panama, it was found
that adult Aedes mosquitoes
rested primarily in bedrooms,
living rooms and bathrooms.
In addition, ULV spraying had
to be done with the correctly
formulated dilutions.

MOSQUITO RESTING BEHAVIOUR(3)
•Another study done in
Mexico and also
reported in the Journal
of Medical entomology
found that the Aedes
mosquitoes were 98%
adult and 99% females,
resting in bedrooms(
44%) living rooms(25%),
and bathrooms(20%), as
well as kitchens( 9%)

“ The fight against diseases spread by
mosquitoes & other insects has enormous
environmental, economic and social
consequences. Chemical insecticides remain the
first line of defense but…”

This Is Being Undermined By
several Problems:
i) Toxicity of the chemicals used,
ii) The Adjuvants, or “Inert” chemicals,
iii) Developed resistance against the
pesticides

Organochlorines
Organophosphates
Pyrethroids
Carbamates
FOUR (4) MAIN
CLASSES OF
PESTICIDES:

Presently most used are
Pyrethroids & Organophosphates
Toxicity of the presently used products:
Active ingredients , using LD50 of only the active
ingredient and
“Inert” Adjuvants
No need to declare OR test the Adjuvants

“Ignoring Adjuvant Toxicity Falsifies
The Safety Profile Of Commercial
Pesticides”
-Kings College London-

“Commercial formulations of pesticides
are not single ingredients. Instead, they
are cocktails of chemicals composed of a
designated pesticidal ‘active principle’
and ‘other ingredients’ or adjuvants.”

Despite The
Known Toxicity
Of Adjuvants ,
They Are:
▪ Regulated differently from the “active
principle” ignoring their toxic effects.
▪ They are not subject to an “acceptable
daily intake”
▪ Not included in the health risk
assessment of the pesticide.
▪ Manufacturers can term them as
“Inert” additives
▪ The market for adjuvants will reach
US3.18 billion in 2019
▪ Adjuvants can be more toxic than the
active principles

For Round-Up, if Round-Up didn’t
contain POE-15, it would be 100 times
less toxic than what Round-Up is.
Then US EPA doesn’t require
registration or labelling of spray
adjuvants

[PBO is a Group C Carcinogen]
POLYETHOXYLATED
TALLOWAMINE
PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE
(PBO)
[The Glyphosate Story]

THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC,CHEMICAL
BASED PESTICIDES
INSECTICIDAL CHEMICALS USED IN MALAYSIA
FOGGING INSECTICIDES
• a.i. : Cyfluthrin 1.73%
• a.i. : S-Bioallethrin 0.8%, Permethrin 18.7%, Piperonyl butoxide 16.8%
• a.i. : S-Bioallethrin 0.14%, Permethrin 10.11%, Piperonyl butoxide
9.96%
• a.i. : Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.8%
• a.i. : Pirimiphos-methyl 48.1%
• a.i. : Fenithrothion 40%, Tetramethrin 1%
• a.i. : Malathion 57%, 95% & 96%

HEATH EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL
PESTICIDES
• Synthetic pyrethroids affect the nervous system.
• Linked to liver and thyroid problems.
• Can interfere with immune and endocrine systems.
• Many contain the synergist piperonyl butoxide which a study by
Duke University in 2012 found to disrupt critical neurological
pathways which “may be the molecular basis for profound
development defects in children exposed in utero to PBO”
• Permethrin is more accutely toxic to children than adults.
• The American Cancer society has classified permethrin as a
carcinogen, positively associated with multiple myelomas in 2013.

HEALTH EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL
PESTICIDES(2)
•Malathion is an organophosphate
insecticide that can cause acute and long
term neurological health problems.
•Malathion was classified by the American
Cancer Soceity as a carcinogen, positively
associated with prostrate cancer in 2013.

How Insects
Gain
Resistance
Against
Pesticides

P450 Enzymes
Humans have 57 p450 enzymes
- all well documented actions –
Mosquitoes have more than 100!!
- not well documented at all -

P450

Permethrin and Multiple Myelomas

Glyphosate and Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

Malathion and Prostrate Cancer

▪ Present in  60% of Insects
▪ Mosquitoes infected with it can
not spread the dengue, zika
and Chikungunya viruses.
▪ Project started in Malaysia in
2017
▪ Some success,Many problems
still outstanding
WOLBACHIA
BACTERIA

Larvicides
Temephos (Abate), Methoprene,etc
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis

Resistance of Larvae to Larvicides
Resistance developed to Temephos, methoprene, etc.
Resistance to Temephos( Abate) has been demonstrated
in many parts of the world, including Malaysia.
In a test done in Shah Alam in 2010 by UM Temephos was
found to develop resistance in larvae while Bti did not
throughout the test period.
In the same test,no real resistance detected for Bti.

The Alternative: Natural Biopesticides
What Are They?
Do They Work?
Are they toxic to Man / Insects/animals/fish,
etc?
Do They Encourage The Development Of
Resistance To Bio-pesticides As For Chemical
Resistance?

“Many plant essential oils show a
broad spectrum of activity against
insect pests and even plant
pathogenic fungi, ranging from
insecticidal, antifeedant, repellent,
growth regulator & antivector
activities.”
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute -

The mode of action of chemical based
pesticides are as endocrine disruptors
of the Epinephrin/Norepinephrin
neurotransmitter system, as present in
the mammalian system but with natural
esential oils, as noted by the Indian
Agricultural Research Institute:
“Recent investigations indicate that
some chemical constituents of these
oils interfere with the octopaminergic
nervous systems in insects. As this
target site is NOT shared with mammals,
most essential oil chemicals are widely
used as flavouring agents in foods and
bevearges and are even exempt from
pesticide registration.”
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute -

Natural products are an excellent
alternative to synthetic pesticides as a
means to reduce negative inpacts to
human health & the environment.
“With few exceptions, the essential oils
themselves or products based on their
oils are mostly non-toxic to mammals,
birds and fish (Stroh et al. 1998)
- Biopesticides International -

Resistance to essential oil
based pesticides can only be
developed very slowly, if at
all, because of the complex
nature of the oils. Different
combinations of oils used
make resistance even more
unlikely to develop.

MOST VULNERABLE GROUPS
The most vulnerable groups to
exposure to chemical based
fogging or spraying are:
• Children,
• Pregnant women,
• The elderly,
• Patients undergoing
chemotheraphy and,
• People with compromised immune
systems.

THANK YOU!

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The Need For A Paradigm Shift_21072020.pdf

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