The neurobiology of dementia
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This slideshow was assigned by Peggy Mason in the Coursera course: Understanding the Brain: The Neurobiology of Everyday Living.
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![Dr. Mason discussed Alzheimers, a major
type of Dementia in a Lab during Week 4.
Dementia is a disease that affected 44.4
million people worldwide in 2013[1].
There is a new case of dementia somewhere
in the world every 4 seconds [1].
The number of patients with dementia are
expected to triple by 2050 [1].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/theneurobiologyofdementia-140718094749-phpapp01/85/The-neurobiology-of-dementia-3-320.jpg)
![[1] Dementia Statistics. Alzheimers Disease
International. Retrieved from:
http://www.alz.co.uk/research/statistics
[2] 3D Brain Ap produced by Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory DNA Learning Center.
[3] Peggy Masons The Neurobiology of
Everyday Living Videos.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/theneurobiologyofdementia-140718094749-phpapp01/85/The-neurobiology-of-dementia-18-320.jpg)
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Describe major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) and explain how it differs from the other
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get83787_10_c10_281-304.indd 281 2/16/18 4:50 PM
息 2018 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
282
Major Neurocognitive Disorder and the Other Neurocognitive Disorders Section 10.1
10.1Major Neurocognitive Disorder and
the Other Neurocognitive Disorders
By robbing people of their memories, neurocognitive disorders disconnect sufferers from
their own lives and from the lives of their loved ones. Sufferers are caught in the present
moment, unable to relate to the past or to plan for the future. The DSM5 contains a number
of neurocognitive disorders, but we will specifically discuss two: major neurocognitive dis-
order and delirium (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Each is characterized by
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tioning. Neurocognitive disorders, which are always the result of neurological dysfunction,
are traceable to one of three possible causes: a general medical condition, a substance (drug
or toxin) intoxication or withdrawal, or a combination of both. Cognitive problems include
memory deficits, language disturbances, perceptual disturbances, impairment in the capac-
ity to plan and organize, and failure to recognize or identify objects. By far the most common
neurocognitive disorder is major neurocognitive disorder (dementia). The DSM5 category
of major neurocognitive disorder covers the DSMIVTR diagnoses of dementia and amnestic
disorder. Although there are many neurocognitive disorders, we will focus on dementia and
continue to use that term, as it remains accepted in the psychiatric community.
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deficits including forgetfulness, disorientation, concrete thinking, and perseveration (repeti-
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For most of history, dementia was considered to be rare, probably because people did not live
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Describe major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) and explain how it differs from the other
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Describe and explain the four steps to diagnosing dementia.
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Explain how to treat and prevent the neurocognitive disorders.
get83787_10_c10_281-304.indd 281 2/16/18 4:50 PM
息 2018 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
282
Major Neurocognitive Disorder and the Other Neurocognitive Disorders Section 10.1
10.1Major Neurocognitive Disorder and
the Other Neurocognitive Disorders
By robbing people of their memories, neurocognitive disorders disconnect sufferers from
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tive speech or movements). It can occur at any age but is most common among older people.
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After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Describe major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) and explain how it differs from the other
neurocognitive disorders.
Describe and explain the four steps to diagnosing dementia.
Describe in detail the amnestic disorders.
Explain how to treat and prevent the neurocognitive disorders.
get83787_10_c10_281-304.indd 281 2/16/18 4:50 PM
息 2018 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
282
Major Neurocognitive Disorder and the Other Neurocognitive Disorders Section 10.1
10.1Major Neurocognitive Disorder and
the Other Neurocognitive Disorders
By robbing people of their memories, neurocognitive disorders disconnect sufferers from
their own lives and from the lives of their loved ones. Sufferers are caught in the present
moment, unable to relate to the past or to plan for the future. The DSM5 contains a number
of neurocognitive disorders, but we will specifically discuss two: major neurocognitive dis-
order and delirium (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Each is characterized by
cognitive deficits that represent a significant change from the persons previous level of func-
tioning. Neurocognitive disorders, which are always the result of neurological dysfunction,
are traceable to one of three possible causes: a general medical condition, a substance (drug
or toxin) intoxication or withdrawal, or a combination of both. Cognitive problems include
memory deficits, language disturbances, perceptual disturbances, impairment in the capac-
ity to plan and organize, and failure to recognize or identify objects. By far the most common
neurocognitive disorder is major neurocognitive disorder (dementia). The DSM5 category
of major neurocognitive disorder covers the DSMIVTR diagnoses of dementia and amnestic
disorder. Although there are many neurocognitive disorders, we will focus on dementia and
continue to use that term, as it remains accepted in the psychiatric community.
Dementia (the technical name for what most people call senility) refers to multiple cognitive
deficits including forgetfulness, disorientation, concrete thinking, and perseveration (repeti-
tive speech or movements). It can occur at any age but is most common among older people.
For most of history, dementia was considered to be rare, probably because people did not live
long enough to develop it. As recently as the 1800s, the average life expectancy was about 45
years. Today, most residents of the developed world can expect to live well into their 70s and
beyond. As the number of older people increases, so does the prevalence of dementia. Far
from being rare, dementia has become a major health problem.
As you will see in the case of Helen Lee, the diagnosis of dementia is usually based on observ-
able signs and symptoms as well as psychological t ...10 Neurocognitive DisordersWildpixeliStockThinkstock.docx
10 Neurocognitive DisordersWildpixeliStockThinkstock.docxRAJU852744
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10 Neurocognitive Disorders
Wildpixel/iStock/Thinkstock
Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Describe major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) and explain how it differs from the other
neurocognitive disorders.
Describe and explain the four steps to diagnosing dementia.
Describe in detail the amnestic disorders.
Explain how to treat and prevent the neurocognitive disorders.
get83787_10_c10_281-304.indd 281 2/16/18 4:50 PM
息 2018 Bridgepoint Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution.
282
Major Neurocognitive Disorder and the Other Neurocognitive Disorders Section 10.1
10.1Major Neurocognitive Disorder and
the Other Neurocognitive Disorders
By robbing people of their memories, neurocognitive disorders disconnect sufferers from
their own lives and from the lives of their loved ones. Sufferers are caught in the present
moment, unable to relate to the past or to plan for the future. The DSM5 contains a number
of neurocognitive disorders, but we will specifically discuss two: major neurocognitive dis-
order and delirium (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Each is characterized by
cognitive deficits that represent a significant change from the persons previous level of func-
tioning. Neurocognitive disorders, which are always the result of neurological dysfunction,
are traceable to one of three possible causes: a general medical condition, a substance (drug
or toxin) intoxication or withdrawal, or a combination of both. Cognitive problems include
memory deficits, language disturbances, perceptual disturbances, impairment in the capac-
ity to plan and organize, and failure to recognize or identify objects. By far the most common
neurocognitive disorder is major neurocognitive disorder (dementia). The DSM5 category
of major neurocognitive disorder covers the DSMIVTR diagnoses of dementia and amnestic
disorder. Although there are many neurocognitive disorders, we will focus on dementia and
continue to use that term, as it remains accepted in the psychiatric community.
Dementia (the technical name for what most people call senility) refers to multiple cognitive
deficits including forgetfulness, disorientation, concrete thinking, and perseveration (repeti-
tive speech or movements). It can occur at any age but is most common among older people.
For most of history, dementia was considered to be rare, probably because people did not live
long enough to develop it. As recently as the 1800s, the average life expectancy was about 45
years. Today, most residents of the developed world can expect to live well into their 70s and
beyond. As the number of older people increases, so does the prevalence of dementia. Far
from being rare, dementia has become a major health problem.
As you will see in the case of Helen Lee, the diagnosis of dementia is usually based on observ-
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The neurobiology of dementia
- 1. Submitted by Christy Lyons July 18, 2014
- 2. Dementia is a name for progressive brain syndromes which affect memory, thinking, behaviour and emotion. Symptoms may include: - loss of memory - difficulty in finding the right words or understanding what people are saying - difficulty in performing previously routine tasks - personality and mood changes
- 3. Dr. Mason discussed Alzheimers, a major type of Dementia in a Lab during Week 4. Dementia is a disease that affected 44.4 million people worldwide in 2013[1]. There is a new case of dementia somewhere in the world every 4 seconds [1]. The number of patients with dementia are expected to triple by 2050 [1].
- 4. - Dementia involves the loss of nerve cells. - Since there are nerve cells throughout the brain, the loss of nerve cells in different areas of the brain will affect individuals differently. - This presentation will focus only a couple of areas: the temporal lobe and the hippocampus. http://www.today.colostate.edu/story.aspx?id=9857
- 5. There are approximately 100 billion nerve cells or neurons in the brain. http://www.geek.com/geek-cetera/our- brains-forget-information-at-a-rate-of-1-bit- per-second-per-neuron-1308566/ http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/braintour
- 6. The temporal lobe is the portion of the cerebral cortex that: - recognizes faces - perceives (hearing, vision, smell) - understands language - has emotional reactions http://www.drzukiwski.com/brain-function/
- 7. The hippocampus is the part of the brain that allows us to make new, declarative memories: both semantic and episodic. Healthy Hippocampus (From Dr. Masons Week 4 Video)
- 8. Describe the functions of the nervous system that are apparent or impaired in your example.
- 9. Brain cells are generally not replaced. As more and more brain cells die, the brain starts to shrink.
- 10. Impairments in the temporal lobe have been traced to Alzheimers. People with damage to the temporal lobe suffer difficulties in face recognition and object recognition. Long- and short-term memory loss. Aggression The Temporal Lobe of a Dementia Patient (Week 4 Peggy Mason)
- 11. Damage to the hippocampus causes: - severe memory impairment - disorientation - it may also cause depression Healthy Hippocampus (Week 4) Hippocampus of Dementia Patient (Week 4)
- 12. The stream of information from the entorhinal cortex, through the dentate gyrus to the hippocampus is called the perforant path. The entorhinal cortex is one of the first areas of the brain to show signs of Alzheimers disease. The entorhinal cortex is associated with self- localization as well as declarative memory.
- 13. Explain in detail the ways in which this course has allowed you to better analyze the events and phenomena around you.
- 14. My 97-year-old grandmother has had dementia for at least the last 7 years. She was a bookkeeper with an excellent memory.
- 15. Watching her deteriorate has had a profound impact on our family; particularly my mother. She has periods where she cannot recognize my sister-in-law or cousins boyfriend whove been around for the last 10 and 4 years, respectively. Less frequently, she doesnt know who me, my brother or even my mother and uncle are.
- 16. She will ask a question and 3 minutes later ask the same question and then 5 minutes later, repeat it again. (Short-term memory loss) While at the cottage, she will be angry that the family is there, because she is expecting company, but when shes queried on who the company is she wont recall. Shes forgotten that she sold the cottage to my mom and uncle 15 years ago. (Aggression and long-term memory loss)
- 17. One time, I was visiting with Nana and she asked me if my husband was stationed in St. John and if Id taken the trolley to see her. (Prosopagnosia) Explanation: She met my grandfather during WWII and they lived on the east coast. This course has helped me to understand more clearly the physiological changes occurring in my grandmother, why she is behaving the way she is, and hopefully be more empathetic.
- 18. [1] Dementia Statistics. Alzheimers Disease International. Retrieved from: http://www.alz.co.uk/research/statistics [2] 3D Brain Ap produced by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory DNA Learning Center. [3] Peggy Masons The Neurobiology of Everyday Living Videos.