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The story of_black_death

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Yin Tung Truman Ho

The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that peaked in Europe from 1346-1353, killing around 30% of Europe's population or 25 million people. It was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was usually transmitted via fleas that lived on rodents like black rats. The disease originated in Asia and spread along trade routes. Symptoms included fever, vomiting of blood, and the appearance of swollen and bloody lymph nodes called buboes. While the Black Death resulted in massive mortality, its spread declined in later centuries as the brown rat population increased and was less susceptible to fleas carrying Y. pestis. Nowadays plague can be treated effectively with antibiotics.

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The Story of Black Death
Background ? Peaking from Europe ? From 1346-1353 ? Killed 30% of Europe?s population ? 25 million people
Why was the disease called ??Black Death??? ? one of the symptoms produced a blackening of the skin around the swellings. or buboes ? The buboes were Red->Dark purple->black ? People was dead with black spot on their skin.
Symtoms in human ? the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, the neck and armpits ? Buboes oozed pus and bled when opened ? Red and black spots on their skin ? acute fever and vomiting of blood ? aching limbs and terrible pain ? Most victims(70%) died within 4-7 days after infection
Video about the symtoms ? http://video.google.com/videoplay?doc id=9213528526753799697
Did Black Death happen again? ? Yes! ? The most recent case was reported in Oregon, United States in 2010 ? They confirmed that Y. pestis caused the Black Death and later epidemics. ? Black Death is bubonic plague(ÊóÒß).
How Black Death spread? ? Black rat, Rattus rattus ? Oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis ? Human flea, Pulex irritans ? Yersinia pestis
The story of_black_death
Rats ? Rodents ? Maybe direct diseases carrier ? (including Weil's disease, rat bite fever, cryptosporidiosis and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.) ? The original carrier for the plague- infected fleas was the black rat
Black rat, Rattus rattus ? Originated in tropical Asia, then to Near East ? Spread across the world with European during trading oversea ? Lives in close proximity to humans ? Certain resistant to the plague ? Die-off enhance the transmission
Fleas ? Acquire Y. pestis by feeding an infected animal ? Flea?s digestive tract contain certain protein that is important for survival of Y. pestis ? Y.pestis aggregate and cause starvation and regurgitation of blood ? Flea also change its host after infection
Yersinia pestis ? Rod- shaped, Gram- negative and non-motile bacteria ? Resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them.
? Bubonic plague: an enlarged, infected lymph nodes called buboes ? Septicemic plague: occurs when plague bacteria multiply in bloodstream (complication of bubonic plague) ? Pneumonic plague: Secondary: occur when the bacteria spread to lungs(complication of bubonic plague) Primary: inhale infectious droplets coughed into the air by a person or animal with pneumonic plague
The story of_black_death
The end of plague ? Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus ? Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ? Other reasons
Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus ? Larger ? Aggressive ? Pushed the smaller and more mouse-like Black Rat out of buildings, alleys, storage sheds and sewers and almost totally out of existence in the whole world. ? Is not the host of oriental rat flea
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ? ¡°less virulent parasite will replace a more virulent parasite over time¡± -- Pathology ? Some rats had acquired resistance to bubonic plague bacteria from exposure to this pathogen ? Bubonic plague failed to sweep the continent ever again the way it did in the mid-fourteenth century
Other hypothesis ? Weather: the plague drifted away when winter began ? Fire: Great London fire killed or drove away the majority of rats and the plague left with them ? Extensive control measures against rats & their fleas
Treatment ? Antibiotics (nowadays)
Can you believe that the Black Death can bring some advantage to human? ? the descendents of the victims of Black Death will not get AIDS even they are infected by HIV ? ->due to high level of a gene mutation called CCR5-delta 32
Conclusion ? Black Death was once deadly and characterized as the horrible crisis in the middle ages Europe. ? But now, it will never become our nightmare again because we have already investigated all its detail.
Reference ? http://findmeacure.com/2008/07/17/plague/ ? http://hospital.kingnet.com.tw/essay/essay.html?category=%C2%E5%C3%C4%A Fe%AFf&pid=5137 ? http://baike./view/70725.htm ? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague ? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acral_ ? http://www.goodhealthtipsonline.com/2011/03/bubonic-plague-history-cause- symptom.html ? http://boisestate.edu/courses/westciv/plague/ ? http://www.dhpe.org/infect/plague.html ? http://www.themiddleages.net/plague.html ? http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/black-death.htm ? http://boisestate.edu/courses/westciv/plague/05.shtml ? http://terriermandotcom.blogspot.com/2004/08/rats-prevent-plague.html ? http://www.ratbehavior.org/WildRatDisease.htm#Plague ? http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/plague/#/plague- today_9445_600x450.jpg

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The story of_black_death

  • 1. The Story of Black Death
  • 2. Background ? Peaking from Europe ? From 1346-1353 ? Killed 30% of Europe?s population ? 25 million people
  • 3. Why was the disease called ??Black Death??? ? one of the symptoms produced a blackening of the skin around the swellings. or buboes ? The buboes were Red->Dark purple->black ? People was dead with black spot on their skin.
  • 4. Symtoms in human ? the appearance of buboes (or gavocciolos) in the groin, the neck and armpits ? Buboes oozed pus and bled when opened ? Red and black spots on their skin ? acute fever and vomiting of blood ? aching limbs and terrible pain ? Most victims(70%) died within 4-7 days after infection
  • 5. Video about the symtoms ? http://video.google.com/videoplay?doc id=9213528526753799697
  • 6. Did Black Death happen again? ? Yes! ? The most recent case was reported in Oregon, United States in 2010 ? They confirmed that Y. pestis caused the Black Death and later epidemics. ? Black Death is bubonic plague(ÊóÒß).
  • 7. How Black Death spread? ? Black rat, Rattus rattus ? Oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis ? Human flea, Pulex irritans ? Yersinia pestis
  • 9. Rats ? Rodents ? Maybe direct diseases carrier ? (including Weil's disease, rat bite fever, cryptosporidiosis and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.) ? The original carrier for the plague- infected fleas was the black rat
  • 10. Black rat, Rattus rattus ? Originated in tropical Asia, then to Near East ? Spread across the world with European during trading oversea ? Lives in close proximity to humans ? Certain resistant to the plague ? Die-off enhance the transmission
  • 11. Fleas ? Acquire Y. pestis by feeding an infected animal ? Flea?s digestive tract contain certain protein that is important for survival of Y. pestis ? Y.pestis aggregate and cause starvation and regurgitation of blood ? Flea also change its host after infection
  • 12. Yersinia pestis ? Rod- shaped, Gram- negative and non-motile bacteria ? Resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them.
  • 13. ? Bubonic plague: an enlarged, infected lymph nodes called buboes ? Septicemic plague: occurs when plague bacteria multiply in bloodstream (complication of bubonic plague) ? Pneumonic plague: Secondary: occur when the bacteria spread to lungs(complication of bubonic plague) Primary: inhale infectious droplets coughed into the air by a person or animal with pneumonic plague
  • 15. The end of plague ? Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus ? Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ? Other reasons
  • 16. Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus ? Larger ? Aggressive ? Pushed the smaller and more mouse-like Black Rat out of buildings, alleys, storage sheds and sewers and almost totally out of existence in the whole world. ? Is not the host of oriental rat flea
  • 17. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ? ¡°less virulent parasite will replace a more virulent parasite over time¡± -- Pathology ? Some rats had acquired resistance to bubonic plague bacteria from exposure to this pathogen ? Bubonic plague failed to sweep the continent ever again the way it did in the mid-fourteenth century
  • 18. Other hypothesis ? Weather: the plague drifted away when winter began ? Fire: Great London fire killed or drove away the majority of rats and the plague left with them ? Extensive control measures against rats & their fleas
  • 20. Can you believe that the Black Death can bring some advantage to human? ? the descendents of the victims of Black Death will not get AIDS even they are infected by HIV ? ->due to high level of a gene mutation called CCR5-delta 32
  • 21. Conclusion ? Black Death was once deadly and characterized as the horrible crisis in the middle ages Europe. ? But now, it will never become our nightmare again because we have already investigated all its detail.
  • 22. Reference ? http://findmeacure.com/2008/07/17/plague/ ? http://hospital.kingnet.com.tw/essay/essay.html?category=%C2%E5%C3%C4%A Fe%AFf&pid=5137 ? http://baike./view/70725.htm ? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague ? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acral_ ? http://www.goodhealthtipsonline.com/2011/03/bubonic-plague-history-cause- symptom.html ? http://boisestate.edu/courses/westciv/plague/ ? http://www.dhpe.org/infect/plague.html ? http://www.themiddleages.net/plague.html ? http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/black-death.htm ? http://boisestate.edu/courses/westciv/plague/05.shtml ? http://terriermandotcom.blogspot.com/2004/08/rats-prevent-plague.html ? http://www.ratbehavior.org/WildRatDisease.htm#Plague ? http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/plague/#/plague- today_9445_600x450.jpg

Editor's Notes

  1. Recently, Haensch et al. (2010) isolated DNA and protein signatures specific for in human skeletons from the people who are dead from black death.They confirm that Y. pestis caused the Black Death and later epidemics.SoBlack Death is bubonic plague.In 2010 a case was reported in Oregon, United States