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The Elements of Art
The Ingredients for a great
Composition

What are the elements of art?
The Elements of Art are the “tools” that
artists use to make art. There are 7 of
them:
Line Value Texture
Shape Form Space Color

Line
A line is a path that a point takes through
space. Lines can be thick, thin, dotted
or solid. They can make straight
movements, zig-zags, waves or curls.
They may be horizontal
vertical
diagonal

Horizontal Lines are generally restful,
like the horizon, where the sky meets
land

Vertical lines seem to be reaching, so
they may seem inspirational like tall
majestic trees or church steeples

Diagonal lines tend to be disturbing.
They suggest decay or chaos like
lightening or falling trees

 Lines can convey emotion as well.
They may show excitement, anger,
calmness, tension, happiness and many
other feelings.Because of this, some are
said to be expressive.

Expressive Lines tend to be found in
nature and are very organic

Other lines that are very measured,
geometric, directional and angular are
called Constructive lines. They tend to
appear to be man-made because of
their precision.

Shape
Shape is created when a line becomes
connected and encloses space. It is the
outline or outward appearance of
something. Shapes are 2 Dimensional
(2-D) which means there are 2 ways
they can be measured.
You can measure its HEIGHT and its
WIDTH.
There are two basic types of shape.

The 2 types of shape
Geometric shapes have smooth even
edges and are measurable. The include
the square, the circle, the triangle and
the rectangle.

Organic shapes have more complicated
edges and are usually found in nature.
Leaves, flowers, ameba, etc.

Form
A Form is a shape that has become 3-
Dimensional (3-D) Form has HEIGHT,
WIDTH and DEPTH--which is the 3rd
dimension.Depth shows the thickness of
the object. Forms are NOT flat like
shapes are!

Turning Shapes into Forms
A triangle becomes a cone or a pyramid
A square becomes a cube

Turning Shapes into Forms
A rectangle can become a box or a cylinder
In order to turn a circle into a sphere, you
must shade it. You can’t add another side to
it!

Value
Value is the lightness or darkness of a
color. Value makes objects appear
more real because it imitates natural
light. When showing value in a work of
art, you will need a LIGHT SOURCE.
A light source is the
place where the light is
coming from, the
darkest areas are
always on the opposite
side of the light.

Value
In order to have a successful drawing, you will
need to show a full value range, which
means that there are very light areas, middle
tones, and very dark areas. This is a way of
giving a work of art Contrast.
In drawing value
can be added
several ways:

Ways value can be added:
Cross-hatching is when you use irregular
lengths of
parallel lines
that cross over each
other diagonally. The
closer together the
lines are placed, the
darker the value.

Ways value can be added
Stippling is the use of dots to create shade.
This is
accomplished by
placing dots very
close together to
create dark values
and farther apart
to create lighter
values.

Ways value can be added
Soft shading is when you use your pencil
to create soft gradual movements from
one value to the next using full value
range.

Color
Color can add interest and reality to artwork.
The use of a 12-step color wheel will help us
understand color more effectively. When light
is reflected through a prism, colors can be
seen
These colors are: Red, Yellow, Orange, Green,
Indigo, Blue and Violet
Remember the anagram: ROY G BIV

Color Wheel
A long time ago, artists decided that these
colors would be more useful to them if
they were placed in a wheel fashion.
This became known as the color wheel

Color
There are 3 primary colors:
Red, Yellow and Blue
These colors are primary for 2
reasons:
1. They can’t be mixed to be made
2. They make all the other colors on the
color wheel

Color
When you mix 2 primary colors together,
you get a secondary color. For example:
Red and Yellow=Orange
Red and Blue=Violet
Yellow and Blue= Green

Color
When you mix a primary and a secondary color
together you get an intermediate (or tertiary)
color For example:
Red and Orange= Red-Orange
Yellow and Green=Yellow-Green
Blue and Green=Blue-Green
Red and Violet=Red-Violet
Yellow and Orange=Yellow-Orange
Blue and Violet=Blue-Violet

Color Schemes
Color is divided into groups based on the way
they are placed on the color wheel:
3-4 colors “next-door-neighbors” to each other
creates an analogous color scheme

Color schemes
2 colors that are directly opposite each
other (going across the center) creates
a complimentary color scheme

Color Schemes
A Split-Complimentary color scheme is
a complimentary color and the two
colors on either side of its compliment.

Color Schemes
A Triadic color scheme uses 3 colors
that are equally spaced apart on the
color wheel

Color Schemes
When you use only one color plus its tints
and shades, you are using a
monochromatic color scheme
A tint is a color plus white
A shade is a color plus black

Colors have temperatures
Colors can convey emotion and feelings too.
Have your ever felt “blue?”
Been “green’ with envy?
Called a “yellow” coward?
It is important that artists understand the effects
of color when they are trying to get the
viewers of their art to feel a particular way.

Color Temperatures
Warm colors are those that have Reds,
Yellows and Oranges. Warm colors
seem to advance (or come forward) in
an artwork.
Cool colors are those that have Blues,
Greens and Violets. Cool colors seem
to recede (or go back into) an artwork.

Texture
Texture is the way the surface of an object
actually feels.
In the artistic world, we refer to two types of
texture---tactile and implied

Tactile (or Real) Texture
Tactile (or Real) Texture is the way the
surface of an object actually feels.
Examples would be sandpaper, cotton
balls, tree bark, puppy fur, etc.

Implied Texture
Implied Texture is the way the surface of
an object looks like it feels. This is the
type of texture that artists use when
they draw and paint. Textures may look
rough, fuzzy, gritty, or scruffy, but can’t
actually be felt.

Space
Space is basically divided into 3 parts: Foreground,
Middle Ground and Background
Generally, the background area is considered to be the
upper 1/3 of the picture plane. The middle ground
area is considered to be the middle 1/3 of the picture
plane. The foreground area is considered to be the
lower 1/3 of the picture plane.

Space
Space can be shallow or deep depending
on what the artist wants to use. Shallow
space is used when the artist has
objects very close to the viewer.

Space
Deep Space
may show
objects up
close but
objects are
shown far
away
too.

Space
Positive and Negative space is a way that
an artwork is divided. When planning a
work of art, both areas must be
examined so that they balance one
another. Drawing items running off the
page and zooming in on objects are
ways to create visual interest within a
work.

Space
Positive space is the
actual object(s) within
the artwork
Negative Space is the
area in and around the
objects. It is the
“background” and it
contributes to the
work of art---you can’t
have positive space
without negative space

Space
Perspective is also a way of showing space in
a work of art. Perspective is when the artist
uses a vanishing point on the horizon and
then creates a sense of deep space by
showing objects getting progressively smaller
as they get closer to the vanishing point.

Space
Objects may overlap as well. When objects are
overlapped it is obvious that enough space
had to be in the picture to contain all the
objects that have been included

The Elements of Art in Review
The Elements of Art are the “tools” that
artists use to make art. They are the
basic “foundation” of a good
composition
Line Value Texture
Shape Form Space Color

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