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- 1. Contents: 1 • Introduction • Types • Principle • Thermogravimetric analysis Curve • Instrumentation • Factors affecting results • Advantages • Limitations • Applications
- 2. Thermo gravimetric analysis Definition • A form of vitalization gravimetry in which the change in a samples mas is monitored while it is heated. • In thermogravimetry, the samples mass is continuously monitored while the applied temperature is slowly increased. • The product of such thermal decomposition is indicated by a step in the thermogram, the change in mass at each step can be used to identify both the volatized species and the solid residue.
- 3. Types of thermogravimetry: 3 1. Isothermal or static thermogravimetry: In this technique the sample weight is recorded as function of time at constant temperature. 2. Quasistatic thermogravimetry: In this technique the sample is heated to constant weight at each of series of increasing temperatures. 3. Dynamic thermogravimetry: In this technique the sample is heated in an environment whose temperature is changing in a predetermined manner generally at linear rate. This type is generally used.
- 4. Principle of TGA: 4 • In thermo-gravimetric analysis, the sample is heated in a given environment (air, N2, CO2, He, Ar, etc.) at controlled rate. The change in the weight of the substance is recorded as a function of temperature or time. • The temperature is increased at a constant rate for a known initial weight of the substance and the changes in weights are recorded as a function of temperature at different time interval. • This plot of weight change against temperature is called thermo-gravimetric curve or thermo-gram, this is the basic principle of TGA.
- 5. TGAcurve: • The instrument used for themo-gravimetry is a programmed precision balance for rise in temperature known as Thermo-balance. • Results are displayed by a plot of mass change versus temperature or time and are known as Thermogravimetric curves or TG curves. 5
- 6. TGAcurve: 6 • TG curves are normally plotted with the mass change (Dm) in percentage on the y-axis and temperature (T) or time (t) on the x-axis. • There are two temperatures in the reaction, Ti(procedural decomposition temp.) and Tf(final temp.) representing the lowest temperature at which the onset of a mass change is seen and the lowest temperature at which the process has been completed respectively. • The reaction temperature and interval (Tf-Ti) depend on the experimental condition; therefore, they do not have any fixed value.
- 7. TGA curve of AgNO3 : 7
- 9. Instrumentation of TGA: • Recording balance • Sample holder • Furnace • Temperature programmer /controller (thermocouple) • Recorder 9
- 10. Factors affecting TGA: 10 Factors affecting the TG curve The factors which may affect the TG curves are classified into two main groups.: (1) Instrumental factors: (a) Furnace heating rate (b) Furnace atmosphere (2) Sample characteristics includes : (a) Weight of the sample (b) Sample particle size
- 11. Factors affecting TGA: 11 1.Instrumental factors : a. Furnace Heating rate: The temperature at which the compound (or sample) decompose depends upon the heating rate. When the heating rate is high, the decomposition temperature is also high. A heating rate of 3.5°C per minute is usually recommended for reliable and reproducible TGA. b. Furnace atmosphere: The atmosphere inside the furnace surrounding the sample has a profound effect on the decomposition temperature of the sample. A pure N2 gas from a cylinder passed through the furnace which provides an inert atmosphere.
- 12. Factors affecting TGA: 12 2.Sample characteristics: (a)Weight of the sample: A small weight of the sample is recommended using a small weight eliminates the existence of temperature gradient throughout the sample. (b)Particle size of the sample: The particle size of the sample should be small and uniform. The use of large particle or crystal may result in apparent, very rapid weight loss during heating.
- 13. Other factors affecting TGA curve: 13 • Sample holder • Heat of reaction • Compactness of sample • Previous history of the sample
- 14. Advantages of TGA: 14 • A relatively small set of data is to be treated. • Continuous recording of weight loss as a function of temperature ensures Equal weightage to examination over the whole range of study. • As a single sample is analyzed over the whole range of temperature, the variation in the value of the kinetic parameters, if any, will be indicated.
- 15. Limitations of TGA: 15 • The Chemical or physical changes which are not accompanied by the change in mass on heating are not indicated in thermo- gravimetric analysis. • During TGA, Pure fusion reaction, crystalline transition, glass transition, crystallization and solid state reaction with no volatile product would not be indicated because they provide no change in mass of the specimen.
- 16. Applications of TGA: 16 • From TGA, we can determine the purity and thermal stability of both primary and secondary standards. • Determination of the composition of complex mixture and decomposition of complex OR composition of complex systems. • For studying the sublimation behavior of various substances. • TGA is used to study the kinetics of the reaction rateconstant.
- 17. Applications of TGA: 17 • Used in the study of catalyst: The change in the chemical states of the catalyst may be studied by TGA techniques.(Zn- ZnCrO4) Zinc-Zinc chromate is used as the catalyst in the synthesis of methanol. • Analysis of the dosage form in medicine. • Oxidative stability of materials. • Estimated lifetime of a product.
- 18. Applications of TGA: 18 • TGA is often used to measure residual solvents and moisture, but can also be used to determine solubility of pharmaceutical materials in solvents. • The effect of reactive or corrosive atmosphere on materials. • Moisture and volatiles contents on materials.
- 19. References: 19 • Skoog , Douglas A, F James holler and timothy Niemen, principles of instrumental analysis, 5th edition New York 2001 • Instrumental methods of Chemical analysis-GURDEEP R.CHATWAL