ºÝºÝߣ

ºÝºÝߣShare a Scribd company logo

Thomas Hobbes by Dr Md Nazeer Hussain

?Download as PPTX, PDF?
?
N
nazeerhussain23

Very helpful for UG/PG students about Thomas Hobbes General Introduction; State of Nature; Views on Social Contract; Features of Social Contract; Concept of Sovereignty

1 of 18
Download to read offline
?General Introduction ?State of Nature ?Views on Social Contract ?Features of Social Contract ?Concept of Sovereignty By: Dr Md Nazeer Hussain Dept of Pol Sc, USTM
General Introduction ?Born in 1581 and lived till he got 99 years ?Early education at Malmesbury, then went to Oxford for higher education ?Greater impact of personalities like Ben Johnson, Bacon, and Galileo Influenced his political thought ?Witnessed civil war of England between supporters of Monarch and Republican
?Took kingside where Charles-I was beheaded and Monarchy was abolished ?Concluded that man is an animal inspired by thoughts like fear and self- interest ?Ultimately: strong and stable civilized life was basic need maintained only by an absolute monarch ?Strongly appealed for Monarchy
? Not only influenced by political thinkers but scientists and mathematicians etc. ?Socialist contract from Plato and Hooker ?Human nature from Machiavelli ?Law of nature from Grotius ?Sovereignty from Bodin ?Philosophy from Galileo ?Acquisitive theory and Scientific methods from Descartes Thus philosophy of Hobbes was mixture of different influences of his time
State of Nature ?State of nature prior to the creation of the civil state ?All men by nature are identical in powers; not safe from other ?Common thirst of men: ?Aspirations of wellbeing ?Desire to gain ?Desire to glory
?Desire to gain leads toward violence Because Neither be divided nor enjoyed in common Obviously disbelief develop towards each other Ultimately ¡®state of nature¡¯ is a ¡®state of war¡¯
?In such situations: no place for industry, culture, arts, letters, society, etc. ?Life of man: solitary poor, nasty, brutish, and short ?No higher authority: to hold people in endless war of all against all ?No difference between right and wrong Because it would lead to Common standard of conduct, common law to judge the conduct, and common law giver
?No difference between just and unjust Because No common superior (Sovereign), or Law ?When no law no justice ?No right to private property Because Only powerful may keep it.
Views on Social Contract ?Hobbes believed that State emerged With due expectation of men for their own protection Against Natural conditions of war ?Individual hungers constant struggle Escape only by setting a common power restrains and protects each person
Features of Social Contract ?Sovereign is not a party to the contract but rather contract is the product of it Means Complete or tyrannical rule ?State or commonwealth is mainly founded on reasons, not on distress Means Obedience to the authority and apprehension of self protection within the State
? No guilty of contract because sovereign is not a party to contract Means Justice lies with the obedience to the contract and sovereign can not be just ? Contract cannot be cancelled once decided Means Individual surrenders his wills to the will of the sovereign Then No right to pull out or cancel it without the approval of the sovereign
?In the sovereign the majorities have rights and minorities have no right Means Silently they have to accept the choices of majority to become the part of commonwealth ?Why contract was established to guard individual¡¯s life Means Individual has surrendered all his rights to sovereign except right live in the State
?People are supposed to submit all their rights Means They do not possess any rights against sovereign
Concept of Sovereignty ?Sovereign as a result of the bond ?Enjoys all the powers enclosed by the people at the time of ending the contract ?Power to govern on behalf of the entire community ? In short, absolute and supreme power ?Can't be challenged by the people Because Willingly they have surrendered their powers
?Individuals can¡¯t legally enter into new contract to create new Leviathan Because Agreement with the first sovereign is unchangeable ?Duplication of contract not without approval of sovereign
?Sovereign complete power to make laws ?This power is not incomplete by any authority superior or inferior ?Sovereign is immovable by opinion and wishes of the people Because They have surrendered these elements ?Not only creator of laws but a lone explainer of laws
?Laws of nature and laws of God No contradiction with the power of sovereign ?Sovereign makes a stand between good and bad, moral and immoral, just and unjust ?Above differences not possible in State of nature ?Possible only after the formation of civil society
?Sovereign decides Morality, immorality, right to property, justice, war, peace, etc. ?Have all sorts of authority including Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary And thus Hobbes doesn¡¯t believe in separation of power ?Power of sovereign undividable, attached, and inexpressible Means doesn¡¯t share power with others

More Related Content

Thomas Hobbes by Dr Md Nazeer Hussain

  • 1. ?General Introduction ?State of Nature ?Views on Social Contract ?Features of Social Contract ?Concept of Sovereignty By: Dr Md Nazeer Hussain Dept of Pol Sc, USTM
  • 2. General Introduction ?Born in 1581 and lived till he got 99 years ?Early education at Malmesbury, then went to Oxford for higher education ?Greater impact of personalities like Ben Johnson, Bacon, and Galileo Influenced his political thought ?Witnessed civil war of England between supporters of Monarch and Republican
  • 3. ?Took kingside where Charles-I was beheaded and Monarchy was abolished ?Concluded that man is an animal inspired by thoughts like fear and self- interest ?Ultimately: strong and stable civilized life was basic need maintained only by an absolute monarch ?Strongly appealed for Monarchy
  • 4. ? Not only influenced by political thinkers but scientists and mathematicians etc. ?Socialist contract from Plato and Hooker ?Human nature from Machiavelli ?Law of nature from Grotius ?Sovereignty from Bodin ?Philosophy from Galileo ?Acquisitive theory and Scientific methods from Descartes Thus philosophy of Hobbes was mixture of different influences of his time
  • 5. State of Nature ?State of nature prior to the creation of the civil state ?All men by nature are identical in powers; not safe from other ?Common thirst of men: ?Aspirations of wellbeing ?Desire to gain ?Desire to glory
  • 6. ?Desire to gain leads toward violence Because Neither be divided nor enjoyed in common Obviously disbelief develop towards each other Ultimately ¡®state of nature¡¯ is a ¡®state of war¡¯
  • 7. ?In such situations: no place for industry, culture, arts, letters, society, etc. ?Life of man: solitary poor, nasty, brutish, and short ?No higher authority: to hold people in endless war of all against all ?No difference between right and wrong Because it would lead to Common standard of conduct, common law to judge the conduct, and common law giver
  • 8. ?No difference between just and unjust Because No common superior (Sovereign), or Law ?When no law no justice ?No right to private property Because Only powerful may keep it.
  • 9. Views on Social Contract ?Hobbes believed that State emerged With due expectation of men for their own protection Against Natural conditions of war ?Individual hungers constant struggle Escape only by setting a common power restrains and protects each person
  • 10. Features of Social Contract ?Sovereign is not a party to the contract but rather contract is the product of it Means Complete or tyrannical rule ?State or commonwealth is mainly founded on reasons, not on distress Means Obedience to the authority and apprehension of self protection within the State
  • 11. ? No guilty of contract because sovereign is not a party to contract Means Justice lies with the obedience to the contract and sovereign can not be just ? Contract cannot be cancelled once decided Means Individual surrenders his wills to the will of the sovereign Then No right to pull out or cancel it without the approval of the sovereign
  • 12. ?In the sovereign the majorities have rights and minorities have no right Means Silently they have to accept the choices of majority to become the part of commonwealth ?Why contract was established to guard individual¡¯s life Means Individual has surrendered all his rights to sovereign except right live in the State
  • 13. ?People are supposed to submit all their rights Means They do not possess any rights against sovereign
  • 14. Concept of Sovereignty ?Sovereign as a result of the bond ?Enjoys all the powers enclosed by the people at the time of ending the contract ?Power to govern on behalf of the entire community ? In short, absolute and supreme power ?Can't be challenged by the people Because Willingly they have surrendered their powers
  • 15. ?Individuals can¡¯t legally enter into new contract to create new Leviathan Because Agreement with the first sovereign is unchangeable ?Duplication of contract not without approval of sovereign
  • 16. ?Sovereign complete power to make laws ?This power is not incomplete by any authority superior or inferior ?Sovereign is immovable by opinion and wishes of the people Because They have surrendered these elements ?Not only creator of laws but a lone explainer of laws
  • 17. ?Laws of nature and laws of God No contradiction with the power of sovereign ?Sovereign makes a stand between good and bad, moral and immoral, just and unjust ?Above differences not possible in State of nature ?Possible only after the formation of civil society
  • 18. ?Sovereign decides Morality, immorality, right to property, justice, war, peace, etc. ?Have all sorts of authority including Executive, Legislature, and Judiciary And thus Hobbes doesn¡¯t believe in separation of power ?Power of sovereign undividable, attached, and inexpressible Means doesn¡¯t share power with others