Thorntons Plc produces and sells confectionery and seeks to expand globally. It analyzed entry into Germany and Austria. Germany was identified as the best target market based on factors like GDP, infrastructure, and consumption. Thorntons would use direct exporting and indirect channels like retailers and e-commerce. A pricing strategy of penetration pricing and promotion through advertising was recommended to enter the German market. The analysis concluded Germany provides advantages for Thorntons' expansion through existing direct exporting modes.
This document provides an overview of Tinmar, the largest private capital energy company in Romania. Some key points:
- Tinmar has over 15 years of experience in the energy sector in Romania and internationally, with subsidiaries in 7 CEE countries.
- It is the largest private supplier of electricity to industrial clients in Romania, supplying over 1,500 corporate clients.
- Tinmar has significantly increased its turnover over the past 15 years to over €733 million in 2015.
- In addition to energy supply, Tinmar's activities include renewable energy production, international energy trading across 21 markets, and supply of oil products in Romania and regionally.
This document provides an overview of Tinmar, the largest private capital energy company in Romania. Some key points:
- Tinmar has over 15 years of experience in the energy sector in Romania and internationally, with subsidiaries in 7 CEE countries.
- It is the largest private supplier of electricity to industrial clients in Romania, supplying over 1,500 corporate clients.
- Tinmar has significantly increased its turnover over the past 15 years to over €733 million in 2015.
- In addition to energy supply, Tinmar's activities include renewable energy production, international energy trading across 21 markets, and supply of oil products in Romania and regionally.
This chapter discusses how government policies like price controls and taxes can affect market outcomes. Price ceilings, which set a legal maximum price, typically cause shortages by creating a gap between the maximum price and the market equilibrium price. Price floors, which set a legal minimum price, typically cause surpluses by creating a gap between the minimum price and the market equilibrium price. Taxes can be levied on buyers or sellers, but they have similar effects by driving a wedge between the price buyers pay and sellers receive. The incidence of a tax, or how the burden is shared, depends on the elasticities of supply and demand.
This document discusses 3rd party logistics providers (3PLs) and their impact and real estate needs. It notes that 3PLs have experienced strong growth and were very active in 2012. The average size of US 3PL deals in 2012 was over 400,000 square feet. Many major companies use 3PLs to drive flexibility. Challenges in incentivizing 3PLs include the short-term nature of 3PL leases and determining who controls capital investments and employees. Opportunities include incentivizing 3PLs based on their lease period and addressing issues around lease terms and contract employees.
The document discusses option four as an alternative to internal marketing, integrated agencies, or best-of-breed shops. It suggests option four involves isolation, innovation, and coordination across separate entities to achieve a unified outcome.
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurship and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from a national and international perspective. It examines the economic significance of startups and SMEs, comparing their role in employment and GDP across countries. It also reviews common challenges faced by SMEs, such as low survival rates, regulatory burdens, and difficulties obtaining financing for growth. Government policies to support SMEs through reduced taxes, regulations, and aid programs are discussed.
Thorntons has been operating since 1911 and has experienced steady growth through the decades. It was acquired by Ferrero in 2015 for ?112 million. Thorntons produces premium chocolates, biscuits, ice cream, and operates cafes. It has 247 stores and 186 franchise shops in the UK and Ireland. While known for its seasonal chocolate sales, it has diversified its product range in recent years. Ferrero's acquisition may lead to further changes in Thorntons' strategy and market sectors to drive returns on investment.
Thorntons is a British chocolate company seeking to improve its online presence and digital marketing. Publicis was hired to help revitalize Thorntons' communication strategy across channels. A proposed campaign called "My Art of Chocolatier" would challenge customers to create new chocolate designs using Thorntons chocolates for prizes. The campaign would be promoted through in-store, online, social media and TV advertising to raise awareness, engage customers and target younger segments.
This document provides a case study report on Thorntons and identifies several key issues with their strategic direction. It analyzes their strategies using various models and makes recommendations. The main issues identified are a lack of evidence to support Thorntons' global expansion and new product strategies. It is recommended that Thorntons conduct further market research before expanding globally and focus on harvesting their boxed chocolates rather than inlaid. They should also center their strategy around key seasonal products like Easter and Christmas.
This document analyzes the competitive frameworks and marketing strategies of several major convenience store brands, including 7-Eleven, Circle K, Kwik Trip, Pilot/Flying J, Wawa, Laredo Taco Company, and Stripes. It finds that the brands vary in their focus on consumers, products, or stores, with some emphasizing particular products through advertising, promotions, and social media presence, while others position themselves more broadly as convenient one-stop shops.
This document appears to list the names of various companies and organizations along with their industries and locations. It includes companies like Clinic All Clear and FMCG in India, Airtel Telecom in India, Castrol Lubricants in Pakistan, and Pakistan State Oil in petroleum in Pakistan. It also lists the contact information for an events management company called Verve Events Management Pvt. Ltd. and their phone numbers and email.
This document defines the key components of communication:
1) A sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver. The sender aims to convey the message clearly based on the receiver's history and capabilities.
2) The receiver decodes the message and provides feedback to let the sender know if the message was understood.
3) There is always potential noise that can interfere with the message being received as intended. Effective communication considers the various forms communication can take, both verbal and nonverbal.
TADSummit EMEA 2019 openning keynote Jonathan GrantAlan Quayle
?
The opening keynote was provided by Jonathan Grant, CEO Babl.biz and CEO Speakserve on "A Perspective on the Past, Present and Future of Programmable Telecoms." The alternative title was, "How not to build a Unicorn - a Beginners Guide."
Jonathan was a founder of NewVoiceMedia. He started work as an Investment Banker for Kidder, Peabody, and Chase Manhattan Bank from 1985 to 1993. On leaving the City in 1993, he bought his first business, Pirtek, a successful franchise operation which he sold in 2001. In 1999, he bought into Online Marketing, which became Premier Business Audio Limited, quickly growing to become Europe¡¯s leading provider of Call Handling and Business Audio Solutions.
In 2005, he recognized the synergies between Premier Business Audio and the then embryonic NewVoiceMedia, and bought into the company, which was sold to Vonage in 2018. Today Jonathan is CEO of Babl.biz, a CPaaS provider, and Speakserve is an Enterprise Software Company specializing in communications and collaboration.
The document discusses the growth of cross-border e-commerce and the need for cooperation across borders to help merchants sell online globally. It introduces the Cross-Border E-commerce Community (CBEC) as a nonprofit organization that connects e-commerce platforms and businesses around the world to help merchants boost imports and exports through research reports and partnerships. CBEC's goal is to have a global network of over 60 partners within 18 months to provide merchants with end-to-end perspectives before expanding abroad.
Mobile Web Content And Services In Europekevin han
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This document summarizes the evolution of mobile content and services in Europe over the past 10 years. It describes the transformation from basic phones to smartphones, the rise of mobile apps, and increasing smartphone and mobile web penetration across different European countries. It also discusses challenges like device diversity, localizing for different markets and carriers, and the difficulty of making money from mobile content. Finally, it provides best practices for success in Europe and predicts further growth of app stores and changes to operators' roles in the coming years.
Retail and the Economy - Current Trends and Future PredictionsPrecisely
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This document provides a summary of a webinar on retail and the economy in Australia and New Zealand. It includes sections on the current economic conditions, impacts on products, and the 2021 outlook. The economic update notes that GDP is rebounding but employment remains uneven. Impacts on products discusses adjustments made for COVID-19 and areas for improvement. The 2021 outlook predicts a plateau in grocery spending and a need for households to find extra income through home projects or government support. A product spotlight highlights Precisely's data enrichment tools including dynamic demographics, address data, and plans to expand offerings in New Zealand.
CDON Group Road Show Presentation December 2010CDON Group AB
?
This document provides an overview of CDON Group, a leading Nordic online retailer, in advance of a potential distribution of the company. It outlines CDON's market-leading positions in entertainment, fashion, and sports & health e-commerce across the Nordic region, with a track record of profitable growth. The presentation reviews CDON's brand portfolio and business areas, financial performance and position, and attractive market dynamics supporting continued expansion. It is intended to assist analysis for the potential distribution but does not constitute an offer to purchase securities.
On the zanox Expert Day in Brussels S¨¦bastien Monnet, Head of Belgium at zanox explained to publisher why Belgium is a 'Must Do' for publishers. E-commerce growth increased with 23% in 2011 and is therefore very interesting for publishers. S¨¦bastien shares tips and tricks to publishers to start their own initiative in Belgium.
vSplash¡¯s SMB DigitalScape data indicates that literally millions of SMB websites are not optimized to perform in what is increasingly a ¡°mobile¡± world. Recent Google data suggests that consumers are quite fickle and their patronage of SMBs will wane if they cannot experience the SMBs digital presence via their Smartphone and tablets.
Tele2 AB presentation at Handelsbanken Large Cap SeminarTele2
?
Tele2 is a mobile operator with 29 million customers across 11 countries in Europe and Central Asia. The document discusses Tele2's operations and growth strategy. It summarizes that Tele2 has grown its mobile footprint to cover over 100 million people and generates most of its sales from mobile services. The document then provides details on Tele2's operations and market positions in various countries.
Omni Channel Marketing Conference - Steve TothTony Booth
?
This document discusses building seamless customer experiences across channels. It summarizes the keynote speech given by Steve Toth, Sales Director, at the Omni-channel Marketing Conference on February 27, 2013. The speech focuses on amaysim's approach to providing a unified customer experience online and offline through their guiding principles, distribution network, understanding customer needs, and developing their brand personality.
This document provides an overview of Amazon as an online retail company. It discusses Amazon's founding in 1995 selling books online and its expansion into other product categories. The document outlines Amazon's headquarters, history of acquisitions and international expansions, vision, mission and core values. It describes Amazon's current market position as the largest internet retailer and analyses its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The document also discusses Amazon's business model, strategy, targeting, positioning and competition.
Amazon began as an online bookstore and has since diversified into many other product lines and services to become the world's largest online retailer. It generates sales from both retail and non-retail operations. Amazon faces high competition but also has significant competitive advantages from economies of scale, its expertise in technology, and talented workforce. The document analyzes Amazon's business strategy, industry environment, and strategic alternatives to expand further into high growth areas like cloud computing services while maintaining its low cost leadership.
The presentation provides an overview of eBay's 2011 Analyst Day. It discusses the changing commerce landscape with the rise of mobile, local, digital and social trends. It highlights eBay's unique position to connect with consumers across online and offline channels. The presentation also discusses PayPal's advantages in payments including its significant runway for growth and expanded opportunities.
The presentation provides an overview of eBay's 2011 Analyst Day. It discusses the changing commerce landscape with the rise of mobile, local, digital and social trends. It highlights eBay's unique position to connect with consumers across online and offline channels. The presentation also discusses PayPal's advantages in payments including its significant runway for growth, expanded opportunity, and how it is on track to meet previous forecasts for revenue and margins.
E bay 2011analystday_final2.
Source: http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ebay/1167648124x0x440542/0b4b1525-691e-402a-b8e3-95ba02e4a382/eBay_2011AnalystDay_FINAL2.pdf
Promotions-Cellular service providers;survey report on Qos DimensionsSathiya Soruban.E
?
The document discusses various promotional strategies used by telecom companies in India. It covers trade promotions like retailer contests and display contests to attract retailers. It discusses sales promotions targeting activation targets and margins. It outlines various product promotions around talktime offers, packs for local networks, students etc. It also summarizes different brand promotion strategies used across companies like taglines, celebrities, advertisements and sponsorships. The document emphasizes the role of VAS in increasing average revenue per user. It presents surveys on factors influencing service quality and common service issues faced with different telecom providers in India.
This document provides a case study report on Thorntons and identifies several key issues with their strategic direction. It analyzes their strategies using various models and makes recommendations. The main issues identified are a lack of evidence to support Thorntons' global expansion and new product strategies. It is recommended that Thorntons conduct further market research before expanding globally and focus on harvesting their boxed chocolates rather than inlaid. They should also center their strategy around key seasonal products like Easter and Christmas.
This document analyzes the competitive frameworks and marketing strategies of several major convenience store brands, including 7-Eleven, Circle K, Kwik Trip, Pilot/Flying J, Wawa, Laredo Taco Company, and Stripes. It finds that the brands vary in their focus on consumers, products, or stores, with some emphasizing particular products through advertising, promotions, and social media presence, while others position themselves more broadly as convenient one-stop shops.
This document appears to list the names of various companies and organizations along with their industries and locations. It includes companies like Clinic All Clear and FMCG in India, Airtel Telecom in India, Castrol Lubricants in Pakistan, and Pakistan State Oil in petroleum in Pakistan. It also lists the contact information for an events management company called Verve Events Management Pvt. Ltd. and their phone numbers and email.
This document defines the key components of communication:
1) A sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver. The sender aims to convey the message clearly based on the receiver's history and capabilities.
2) The receiver decodes the message and provides feedback to let the sender know if the message was understood.
3) There is always potential noise that can interfere with the message being received as intended. Effective communication considers the various forms communication can take, both verbal and nonverbal.
TADSummit EMEA 2019 openning keynote Jonathan GrantAlan Quayle
?
The opening keynote was provided by Jonathan Grant, CEO Babl.biz and CEO Speakserve on "A Perspective on the Past, Present and Future of Programmable Telecoms." The alternative title was, "How not to build a Unicorn - a Beginners Guide."
Jonathan was a founder of NewVoiceMedia. He started work as an Investment Banker for Kidder, Peabody, and Chase Manhattan Bank from 1985 to 1993. On leaving the City in 1993, he bought his first business, Pirtek, a successful franchise operation which he sold in 2001. In 1999, he bought into Online Marketing, which became Premier Business Audio Limited, quickly growing to become Europe¡¯s leading provider of Call Handling and Business Audio Solutions.
In 2005, he recognized the synergies between Premier Business Audio and the then embryonic NewVoiceMedia, and bought into the company, which was sold to Vonage in 2018. Today Jonathan is CEO of Babl.biz, a CPaaS provider, and Speakserve is an Enterprise Software Company specializing in communications and collaboration.
The document discusses the growth of cross-border e-commerce and the need for cooperation across borders to help merchants sell online globally. It introduces the Cross-Border E-commerce Community (CBEC) as a nonprofit organization that connects e-commerce platforms and businesses around the world to help merchants boost imports and exports through research reports and partnerships. CBEC's goal is to have a global network of over 60 partners within 18 months to provide merchants with end-to-end perspectives before expanding abroad.
Mobile Web Content And Services In Europekevin han
?
This document summarizes the evolution of mobile content and services in Europe over the past 10 years. It describes the transformation from basic phones to smartphones, the rise of mobile apps, and increasing smartphone and mobile web penetration across different European countries. It also discusses challenges like device diversity, localizing for different markets and carriers, and the difficulty of making money from mobile content. Finally, it provides best practices for success in Europe and predicts further growth of app stores and changes to operators' roles in the coming years.
Retail and the Economy - Current Trends and Future PredictionsPrecisely
?
This document provides a summary of a webinar on retail and the economy in Australia and New Zealand. It includes sections on the current economic conditions, impacts on products, and the 2021 outlook. The economic update notes that GDP is rebounding but employment remains uneven. Impacts on products discusses adjustments made for COVID-19 and areas for improvement. The 2021 outlook predicts a plateau in grocery spending and a need for households to find extra income through home projects or government support. A product spotlight highlights Precisely's data enrichment tools including dynamic demographics, address data, and plans to expand offerings in New Zealand.
CDON Group Road Show Presentation December 2010CDON Group AB
?
This document provides an overview of CDON Group, a leading Nordic online retailer, in advance of a potential distribution of the company. It outlines CDON's market-leading positions in entertainment, fashion, and sports & health e-commerce across the Nordic region, with a track record of profitable growth. The presentation reviews CDON's brand portfolio and business areas, financial performance and position, and attractive market dynamics supporting continued expansion. It is intended to assist analysis for the potential distribution but does not constitute an offer to purchase securities.
On the zanox Expert Day in Brussels S¨¦bastien Monnet, Head of Belgium at zanox explained to publisher why Belgium is a 'Must Do' for publishers. E-commerce growth increased with 23% in 2011 and is therefore very interesting for publishers. S¨¦bastien shares tips and tricks to publishers to start their own initiative in Belgium.
vSplash¡¯s SMB DigitalScape data indicates that literally millions of SMB websites are not optimized to perform in what is increasingly a ¡°mobile¡± world. Recent Google data suggests that consumers are quite fickle and their patronage of SMBs will wane if they cannot experience the SMBs digital presence via their Smartphone and tablets.
Tele2 AB presentation at Handelsbanken Large Cap SeminarTele2
?
Tele2 is a mobile operator with 29 million customers across 11 countries in Europe and Central Asia. The document discusses Tele2's operations and growth strategy. It summarizes that Tele2 has grown its mobile footprint to cover over 100 million people and generates most of its sales from mobile services. The document then provides details on Tele2's operations and market positions in various countries.
Omni Channel Marketing Conference - Steve TothTony Booth
?
This document discusses building seamless customer experiences across channels. It summarizes the keynote speech given by Steve Toth, Sales Director, at the Omni-channel Marketing Conference on February 27, 2013. The speech focuses on amaysim's approach to providing a unified customer experience online and offline through their guiding principles, distribution network, understanding customer needs, and developing their brand personality.
This document provides an overview of Amazon as an online retail company. It discusses Amazon's founding in 1995 selling books online and its expansion into other product categories. The document outlines Amazon's headquarters, history of acquisitions and international expansions, vision, mission and core values. It describes Amazon's current market position as the largest internet retailer and analyses its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The document also discusses Amazon's business model, strategy, targeting, positioning and competition.
Amazon began as an online bookstore and has since diversified into many other product lines and services to become the world's largest online retailer. It generates sales from both retail and non-retail operations. Amazon faces high competition but also has significant competitive advantages from economies of scale, its expertise in technology, and talented workforce. The document analyzes Amazon's business strategy, industry environment, and strategic alternatives to expand further into high growth areas like cloud computing services while maintaining its low cost leadership.
The presentation provides an overview of eBay's 2011 Analyst Day. It discusses the changing commerce landscape with the rise of mobile, local, digital and social trends. It highlights eBay's unique position to connect with consumers across online and offline channels. The presentation also discusses PayPal's advantages in payments including its significant runway for growth and expanded opportunities.
The presentation provides an overview of eBay's 2011 Analyst Day. It discusses the changing commerce landscape with the rise of mobile, local, digital and social trends. It highlights eBay's unique position to connect with consumers across online and offline channels. The presentation also discusses PayPal's advantages in payments including its significant runway for growth, expanded opportunity, and how it is on track to meet previous forecasts for revenue and margins.
E bay 2011analystday_final2.
Source: http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ebay/1167648124x0x440542/0b4b1525-691e-402a-b8e3-95ba02e4a382/eBay_2011AnalystDay_FINAL2.pdf
Promotions-Cellular service providers;survey report on Qos DimensionsSathiya Soruban.E
?
The document discusses various promotional strategies used by telecom companies in India. It covers trade promotions like retailer contests and display contests to attract retailers. It discusses sales promotions targeting activation targets and margins. It outlines various product promotions around talktime offers, packs for local networks, students etc. It also summarizes different brand promotion strategies used across companies like taglines, celebrities, advertisements and sponsorships. The document emphasizes the role of VAS in increasing average revenue per user. It presents surveys on factors influencing service quality and common service issues faced with different telecom providers in India.
The document discusses the growth of the digital age and opportunities presented by VMdirect. It notes that the digital age represents a major shift in consumer behavior and that great wealth is created by capitalizing on such societal changes. VMdirect allows users to create, manage and share digital content like photos, videos and music through online streaming and storage. The company has experienced rapid revenue growth and offers various affiliate packages and commission structures to help others leverage and profit from the digital marketplace.
This document summarizes the journey and current state of PlumLife, a Dallas-based technology startup that offers a cloud-based, open source total life scheduling system. It discusses PlumLife's struggles to gain customers and funding since launching its product in September 2010. The document reviews PlumLife's efforts in creating its business plan and product, customer segmentation, marketing, costs, funding, lessons learned, and considers alternative product roadmaps.
The document discusses reasons for the importance of international markets, such as stagnating domestic markets and opportunities for growth. It also covers various aspects of international advertising and promotion, including differences in cultural, economic, political and demographic environments across countries. Guidelines are provided for developing effective international advertising, promotion, and public relations strategies that consider these environmental differences.
The document promotes VMdirect, a company that allows users to create, manage, store and share digital assets like photos, videos and music through an online platform called The Studio. It highlights how the digital age has changed consumer behavior and created wealth opportunities. The document also describes VMdirect's affiliate program, where individuals can earn commissions and bonuses by selling VMdirect's retail plans and building a team.
4. To identify an industry and company within the industry.To explore the global opportunities of expansion for the company.To have an in depth market analysis.To determine the best entry mode strategies.Objectives
6. Thorntons Plc was founded in 1911 by Joseph Thornton, engages in the manufacturing, distribution and retailing of confectionery's.This is aimed at creating the finest chocolate and confectionery.Company Background
8. Product Life Cycle & Sales OverviewBoth Thorntons and chocolate confectionery industry are currently in maturity stage of product life cycle.
9. Direct Exporting: -> Foreign Based Agents-> Foreign Based Distributors-> Foreign Sales Representatives-> Foreign Retailer-> Direct Sales to End User Global Readiness
10. Thorntons uses product differentiation, producing a high premium well packaged?chocolates as well as personalized chocolates. With a core product of boxed chocolates, they also have by products as toffee, fudge, hamper and gift boxes. Business Strategies
14. The major factors for the selection criteria are DemographicsLiving Standards (5%)Population and its growth (10% of each)Unemployment rate (5%)Economic criteriaConsumer expenditure (5%)Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (5%)GDP per capita (10%)Inflation rate (10%)Selection Criteria
15. InfrastructureInternet users (5%) Local consumption/UsePer capita Consumption of product (10%)Political/Legal issuesCorruption Perception Index (10%)Ease of doing business (5%)Economic Freedom Index (5%)Political Stability Index (5%)Cont..
20. Competitor AnalysisGermanyAustriaLindtFerreroLindtFerrero15 years15 years12 years Years in business53 years2.9 billion6.2 billion2.9 billion6.2 billionTotal RevenuePremium PricingPremium PricingPremium PricingPremium PricingPricing StrategyLuxury ChocolatesLuxury ChocolatesLuxury ChocolatesLuxury ChocolatesServicePromotionAdvertising, Internet adsAdvertising, Internet adsAdvertising, Internet adsAdvertising, Internet adsQualityHighHighHighHighAll age groupAll age group35-50 age group35-50 age groupTarget Market Profile
21. Entry ConditionsGERMANY AUSTRIATax ratesCorporate tax rates LEAST FAVOURABLE LESS FAVOURABLEPersonal tax rates MORE FAVOURABLE LESS FAVOURABLEVAT FAVOURABLE LESS FAVOURABLEForeign exchangeRate performance MODERATE LESS FAVOURABLEThe country¡¯s currency is convertible YES YES The country¡¯s current account is in good standing (Balance of Payments) YES YESThe currency of the country has been stable MODERATE MODERATE
22. Cont..Labour issues Germany AustriaChild labour issues MOST FAVOURABLE MODERATELabour wage rates FAVOURABLE MODERATEManagement- labour relations FAVOURABLE MODERATEStrength of labour unions FAVOURABLE MODERATECountry Infrastructure Banking system FAVOURABLE LESS FAVOURABLEEnergy MOST FAVOURABLE MODERATEInternet Connections MOST FAVOURABLE MODERATETelecommunications system MOST FAVOURABLE MODERATETransportation systems MOST FAVOURABLE MODERATE
27. The pricing strategy for the Germany market will be penetration pricing.Selling price of the product in Germany will be higher than that of UK so as to cover up the additional cost incurred.The promotion strategy for Germany market will be advertising (TV, Outdoor advertising) and Internet ads.Pricing and Promotion Strategy
28. The distribution strategy which Thorntons will be applying in Germany is Intensive Distribution : Using the existing distribution channels and local company¡¯s distribution channel.Direct mode of selling products will be Sales Branches and Company owned Retail Stores.Indirect mode of selling products will be Retailers and use of E-commerce (Internet)Distribution Strategy
30. Break Even PointPercentage Gross Profit = Total Gross Profit/Total net sales BEP sales = Total operating expenses/Percentage Gross Profit
31. After going through the business profile of Thorntons plc, we have identified its competitors, gathered data of different countries, we intend to venture into Germany which has a better market potential.Thorntons plc should expand its business to Germany by Direct and Indirect exporting. This would be advantageous as most of their modes of expansion have been direct exporting. Conclusion & Recommendation