Threads and Threads
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Pre-emptive multi-tasking operating systems use involuntary context switching to provide the illusion of parallel processes even when the hardware supports only a single thread of execution. This allows for liveliness, responsiveness, and sometimes performance by time-slicing the CPU between processes through rapid context switching, where the execution state is stored and restored. While context switching was once expensive, cache improvements have reduced the cost so it is usually low compared to other operations, though excessive context switching can still be expensive.
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License
Robert Burrell Donkin http://robertburrelldonkin.name created ¡°Agile Retrospectives in
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This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To
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- 1. Threads and Threads session one starting with a single core copyright 2013 Robert Burrell Donkin robertburrelldonkin.name this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
- 2. Threads, Threads and Processes from the ¡ñ hardware perspective ¡ð a thread is a serial code sequence ¡ñ software perspective ¡ð a thread abstracts a serial code sequence ¡ñ operating system perspective ¡ð a process abstracts an application instance
- 3. Multi-tasking a Single Core ¡ñ on a single core ¡ð a multitasking operating system ¡ö uses scheduling ¡ö to create the illusion of parallelism ¡ñ a software platform may also ¡ð use scheduling to create the illusion of parallelism ¡ð but then this is more often called multi-threading
- 4. Approaches to Multi-Tasking ¡ñ cooperative (or voluntary) multi-tasking ¡ð time-sharing ¡ð background processing ¡ð early Apple PCs ¡ð now rarely used ¡ñ pre-emptive multi-tasking ¡ð time-slicing ¡ð Windows 95 PCs ¡ð now almost universal
- 5. Why Multi-Task...? ¡ñ liveliness ¡ñ responsiveness ¡ð (to people) ¡ñ performance ¡ð (sometimes)
- 6. Context Switch ¡ñ a context switch ¡ð stores the current execute state, and ¡ð restores an execution state from storage ¡ñ from a CPU perspective ¡ð this is an expensive operation ¡ñ but is often cheap in comparison
- 7. Caches, Caches, Caches ¡ñ Moore's Law ¡ð the number of transistors doubles every 2 years ¡ñ but ¡ð diminishing returns from longer pipelines ¡ð popularity of multi-tasking ¡ñ so more and bigger caches ¡ñ so context switching cost now usually low ¡ñ but scales in a non-linear fashion ¡ñ excessive context switching expensive
- 8. Pre-emptive multi-tasking operating systems use involuntary context switching to provide the illusion of parallel processes even when the hardware supports only a single thread of execution. Take Away
- 9. Break Out ¡ñ Exercises ¡ð https://github.com/RobertBurrellDonkin/kata-manycore- threadsandthreads ¡ñ Try ¡ð On Windows ¡ö perfmon ¡ö typeperf ¡ð On Linux ¡ö vmstat ¡ö iostat ¡ö mpstat