Tiresoil
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This document discusses the use of tiresoil, which is a material made from used tires and soil, for civil engineering applications. It was invented in 1976 by a French engineer and has been used in over 1000 structures worldwide. Tiresoil provides environmental benefits by reusing old tires, economic benefits by reducing construction costs, and performs well in tests and real-world examples. It has been used for retaining walls, embankments, slope stabilization, and more. The document outlines the history and inventor of tiresoil, its uses and benefits, testing results, and various construction examples from around the world.
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performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
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The document discusses factors that contribute to pavement deterioration over time, including traffic loading, climate conditions, and drainage issues. It also outlines different methods for evaluating pavement condition, such as measuring roughness, distress, and skid resistance. Preventative maintenance is highlighted as the most cost-effective approach for extending pavement life and performance. Proper design, construction, and material selection can help minimize early deterioration, while regular maintenance and rehabilitation are needed to avoid more costly repairs from deferred maintenance.Toxicity of paints
Toxicity of paintsKhattar Aoun
油
Toxicity of paints is a theme that is overlooked by the general public. Clients must become aware to be reassured about health and safety issues of the material specified in their projects.Concrete exposed to seawater
Concrete exposed to seawaterKhattar Aoun
油
This document discusses the effects of salt water on concrete and provides recommendations for designing concrete that will be exposed to seawater. It notes that seawater contains salts that can deteriorate concrete through processes like sulfate attack, lime leaching, alkali-aggregate expansion, and corrosion of reinforcing steel. It recommends using low permeability concrete to limit these effects, and controlling key parameters like water-cement ratio, cement type, use of air-entraining agents, and concrete cover over reinforcing steel. The document provides tables with guidelines on these parameters and recommends repair methods that involve removing deteriorated concrete, cleaning reinforcing steel, and applying a protective barrier between the concrete and salt water.Concreting in cold weather
Concreting in cold weatherKhattar Aoun
油
1) Concrete strength is reduced by 50% if freshly mixed concrete freezes due to exposure to low temperatures below 5属C for three days. Freezing and thawing cycles also increase porosity and reduce strength.
2) Several methods can be used to maintain the temperature of freshly poured concrete in cold weather, including enclosures, insulating materials, and heaters to protect the concrete and allow proper curing.
3) Specifically, polyethylene sheets or insulating blankets made of fiberglass or sponge rubber can be used as insulating materials, while direct-fired or indirect-fired heaters supply heated air to keep the concrete warm.Traffic vibrations in buildings
Traffic vibrations in buildingsKhattar Aoun
油
We always feel traffic vibration is dangerous on the safety of the buildings we are in, but is it, really ?Effect of traffic vibration on buildings
Effect of traffic vibration on buildingsKhattar Aoun
油
Traffic vibrations are generated when vehicle wheels encounter irregularities in the road surface, creating stress waves that propagate through the soil and into building foundations. Vibrations from heavy vehicles like buses and trucks between 5-25 Hz can be imperceptible or cause annoyance to building occupants. Many factors influence vibration levels, including road and vehicle conditions, soil type, distance from the road, and building type. While vibrations rarely cause direct structural damage, they may contribute to deterioration over time or trigger damage in buildings with existing strains. Potential solutions include road maintenance, increasing building setbacks, improving soils, and installing vibration barriers.Effect of traffic vibration on buildings
Effect of traffic vibration on buildingsKhattar Aoun
油
We always feel traffic vibration could be dangerous on the safety of a building we're in, but is it really ?Epoxy used in construction
Epoxy used in constructionKhattar Aoun
油
Epoxy anchor bolts are used to securely attach structures and objects to concrete. They require exact installation, including properly drilling holes, thoroughly cleaning them, and carefully mixing and applying the epoxy, in order to achieve a structurally sound bond. The installation process involves drilling holes to a specified depth based on the bolt's diameter, cleaning the holes, filling them about 5/8 full of epoxy using a static mixer nozzle, inserting the bolt while turning, and allowing it to fully cure before use. Proper handling and installation of epoxy anchors is important for safety.Fire effects on concrete
Fire effects on concreteKhattar Aoun
油
Concrete is composed of cement, water and aggregates that undergo a chemical reaction called hydration to harden. When exposed to high temperatures in fires, concrete's properties change as it undergoes dehydration, shrinkage, and decomposition of its compounds. The temperature reached in different types of fires can vary greatly from over 1000属C for fuels like hydrogen to under 1000属C for materials like wood. The resistance of reinforced concrete in fire depends on the type of aggregates used and the concrete cover thickness over the reinforcing steel bars. Damage assessment after a fire considers the fire duration and temperatures reached, with repair methods including removing damaged layers or applying calcium silicate to strengthen the surface.Shotcrete
ShotcreteKhattar Aoun
油
Shotcrete is concrete projected through a hose at high velocity using compressed air. It was invented in 1910 by Carl Ethan Akeley to reproduce dinosaur fossils in concrete. Shotcrete is mainly used in underground construction and can be applied either dry or wet. It offers benefits over traditional cast-in-place concrete like speed of construction, ability to build complex shapes, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for areas with limited access. However, proper planning, supervision, and skilled application are needed for successful shotcrete projects.
Serviceability of a structure
Serviceability of a structureKhattar Aoun
油
Serviceability limit states refer to how structures perform under normal loads and consider how structures are used. Serviceability looks at deflections, cracks, vibrations, surface deterioration, and corrosion that don't cause collapse but make structures unfit for use. Periodic inspections of existing buildings should be implemented to identify structural defects, distress, material deterioration, overloading, and unauthorized work to avoid disaster and extend a structure's typical 50-year service life through repairs and maintenance. As-built drawings are important for engineers to properly assess structures.Seismic hazard in lebanon
Seismic hazard in lebanonKhattar Aoun
油
Lebanon experiences moderate to high seismic hazard due to its location within an active tectonic region with 11 major faults. Historical records show that earthquakes above magnitude 7.0 have struck Lebanon every 139 years on average since 1000 AD, with the most recent in 1837. A new study finds that seismic hazard maps of Lebanon need to be updated to reflect a newly discovered fault, increasing expected ground shaking levels to 0.3g along much of the coast where most of Lebanon's population is located. More stringent building codes are needed to improve earthquake safety.Translucent concrete
Translucent concreteKhattar Aoun
油
Translucent concrete, also known as light transmitting concrete or LiTraCon, was developed in 2001 by Hungarian architect Aron Losonczi. It is produced by embedding 4-5% optical glass fibers into a concrete mixture. This allows light to pass through the concrete while maintaining comparable strength to regular concrete. Some potential future applications of translucent concrete include translucent inserts on front doors, illuminated sidewalks and stairwells, and light-transmitting subway walls. However, the high cost and complex manufacturing process that requires precise fiber alignment currently limit its widespread use.Recently uploaded (20)
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Tiresoil
- 1. Fellow Constructor May 2012
- 2. Introduction The Pneusol (Tiresoil) is formed by the association of two elements: used tires and soil Creator : Long Nguyen-Thanh, phD LCPC Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chauss辿es de Paris First research in 1976 first report presented in 1978 He was named "Chevalier dans l'Ordre Nationale de la L辿gion d'Honneur", on the proposition of the Prime Minister of France Jean-Pierre Raffarin in November 2004
- 3. Introduction By the end of 2004, more than 1000 structures were built in the world: France, Algeria, USA, Switzerland, Germany, Romania, Jordan, Brazil, Rwanda,...) These structures cover a wide range of civil engineering applications : retaining walls, lightweight fill, energy absorbers, stress diffusers, slope or river protection...
- 4. Why Tiresoil ? The environmental value Although old tires do not contributed directly in pollution unless they are burned in open air, they affect our environment in the long term because they are not biodegradable. Tiresoil not only helps to consume stocks of old tires, but also improves the mechanical properties of soil.
- 5. Methods of Disposal Usually In special circumstances
- 6. Why Tiresoil ? The economic value Reduced density of backfill and/or redistribution of backfill weight=> more economical structural elements Culvert at Monistrole-sur- Cross section of road Loire embankment
- 7. Why Tiresoil ? The economic value Unfortunately contractors do not reveal the real time/cost economy of using this technology, but we list an example of tiresoil structure that was built to stabilize a kruth- Marstein road retaining slope near the Wildstein dam.
- 8. TESTS Bearing Capacity Tests in Melun
- 9. EXAMPLES Establishing TireSoil TireSoil retaining wall at Bussang (Haut Rin) with concrete face
- 10. EXAMPLES TireSoil retaining wall at Safety device of slopes at Bussang (Haut Rin) with Beaulieu-sur Mer (alpes TireSoil face Maritimes)
- 11. EXAMPLES Safety device of banks at Puit Creation of an Arching at Pond (Cher) Monistrol-sur-Loire (Haute Loire)
- 12. EXAMPLES Energy Absorption at La Grave Light land fill at Cannes Mandelieu (Alpes Maritimes)
- 13. EXAMPLES Reduce active earth pressure Military Applications at Mende (Lozere)
- 14. EXAMPLES Reduce active earth pressure Energy Absorption at at Mende (Lozere) Aigueblanche tiresoil face with geotextile reinforcement in Savoie
- 15. EXAMPLES Tiresoil with geotextile reinforcement against differential settlement at Cannes Mandelieu
- 16. More Developments ARMAPNEUSOL : patented by LCPC and For辿ziennes C属 is composed with Tiresoil facing and metallic grid reinforcements
- 17. More Developments ARMAPNEUSOL
- 18. More Developments Seismic Mitigation in risky zones