Tolman
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Tolman was born in 1886 in Massachusetts and died in 1959. He earned his BS from MIT in 1911 and his doctorate from Harvard in 1915. Tolman spent most of his career at UC Berkeley. He developed Purposive Behaviorism, rejecting stimulus-response theory. Tolman believed learning developed from understanding the environment and one's relationship to it. He identified three parts to learning - the significant, the sign, and means-end relations. Tolman also studied cognitive maps and latent learning.
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Tolman
- 2. TIMELINE OF TOLMANS LIFE Born in Newton, Massachusetts on April 14,1886 Died on November 19, 1959 1911: Earned BS from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in electrochemistry 1912: Introduced to Gestalt psychology 1915: Earned Doctorate from Harvard- retroactive inhibition He spent most of his career at the university of California(Berkeley)
- 3. PURPOSIVE BEHAVIORISM -It combines the objective study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior -Tolman thought that learning developed from knowledge about the environment and how the organism relates to its environment. -He is the only behaviorist who found the stimulus-response theory unacceptable.
- 4. SIGN GESTALT THEORY -He put forth the notion that there are three parts to learning which work together as a gestalt. -These are the significant, the sign and means-end relations
- 5. COGNITIVE MAP -an internal perceptual representation of external environmental features and landmarks. Tolman was a centralist. Tolman also worked on Latent Learning.
- 6. INTERVENING VARIABLES a.Dependent b.Independent c.Intervening
- 8. TOLMAN IDENTIFIED AT TLEAST SIX TYPES OF LEARNING I. Learning by cathexes. II.Equivalence beliefs. III.Field Expectancies. IV.Field cognition modes. V.Drive discrimination. VI.Motor patterns.
- 9. TOLMAN WANTED TO DISPROVE THORNDIKES LAW OF EFFECT AND REPLACE IT WITH: A.Law of motivation B.Law of Emphasis C.Law of Disruption