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TULAREMIA.pptx
- 1. TULAREMIA Presented by : NUMAN ASHRAF 2021-DVMJ-045
- 2. • Introduction • History • Etiology • Epidemiology • Transmission • Sign and symptoms • Diagnosis • Treatment • Prevention • Vaccine CONTENTS:
- 3. Introduction: Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever or deer fly fever, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is primarily a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans. Tularemia is found in many parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Asia.
- 4. History: • Discovery and Early Studies : Tularemia was first identified in Tulare County, California, in 1911. The disease was affecting ground squirrels and was initially referred to as "ground squirrel fever." Shortly after, similar cases were reported in humans, leading to the discovery of human tularemia. In 1912, Dr. Edward Francis identified the causative bacterium and named it Francisella tularensis
- 5. • Research during World War II: During World War II, tularemia gained significant attention due to its potential as a biological weapon. Several countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union, conducted research on F. tularensis for weaponization purposes. The United States even established a program known as "Operation Whitecoat" to study tularemia and other biological agents.
- 6. Etiology : Francisella tularensis is a small, gram- negative, non-spore-forming bacterium. It belongs to the family Francisellaceae and the order Thiotrichales. There are several subspecies and genetic variants of F. tularensis, each with varying virulence and geographical distribution.
- 7. Epidemiology: • Global Distribution: Tularemia is found in various parts of the world. It is most commonly reported in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and Asia. Tularemia has been reported in all U.S states except Hawai • Seasonal Variation: Tularemia often exhibits seasonal patterns. In many regions, the majority of cases occur during spring and summer, corresponding to increased outdoor activities and exposure to arthropod vectors.
- 8. • Occupational Risk: Certain occupations and activities may pose a higher risk of tularemia exposure. These include hunters, trappers, farmers, veterinarians, and laboratory workers who handle or come into contact with animals or potentially contaminated materials. • Recreational Exposures: Outdoor activities, such as camping, hiking, and gardening, can increase the risk of tularemia transmission. Exposure to arthropod vectors, handling or consuming infected animals, or contact with contaminated environments can pose a risk to individuals involved in such activities.
- 9. Transmission: Tularemia can be transmitted to humans through several means: Tick or deer fly bites: The most common route of transmission is through the bite of infected ticks or deer flies. Handling infected animals: Direct contact with infected animals or their carcasses, such as rabbits, rodents, or domestic cats, can lead to infection.
- 10. Inhalation: Inhaling airborne bacteria or aerosols from contaminated soil, hay, or animal droppings can cause respiratory tularemia. Ingestion: Consuming contaminated water, food, or improperly cooked meat can result in gastrointestinal tularemia.
- 11. Clinical Signs : 1.Ulceroglandular Tularemia 2.Glandular Tularemia 3.Oculoglandular Tularemia 4.Oropharangeal Tularemia
- 12. Generalized Symptoms: Fever: Elevated body temperature, often with chills and sweating. Fatigue: Feeling of tiredness, weakness, or exhaustion. Headache: Pain or discomfort in the head. Muscle aches: Soreness or pain in muscles and joints. Weight loss: Unintentional loss of weight.
- 13. Diagnosis: The diagnosis of tularemia involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and patient history. 1. ELISA 2. PCR 3. CULTURING 4. CT Scans
- 14. Treatment: Antibiotics used to treat tularemia include: 1. Streptomycin 2. Gentamicin 3. Doxycycline 4. Ciprofloxacin Treatment usually lasts 10 to 21 days depending on the stage of illness and the medication used.
- 15. Prevention: Preventive measures to reduce the risk of tularemia include: • Avoiding direct contact with wild animals, especially sick or dead ones. • Using insect repellent to prevent tick and insect bites. • Wearing protective clothing, such as long sleeves and pants, when in areas with high risk of exposure. • Drinking clean, treated water and avoiding consuming contaminated food. • Properly handling and cooking meat to kill bacteria.
- 16. Vaccine: Currently, there is no commercially available vaccine for tularemia that is approved for use in humans in the United States or most other countries. However, research and development efforts for a tularemia vaccine are ongoing.
- 17. THANKS 😊