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Turkey, Russia and China in Central Asia

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Turkey, Russia, China, and Iran all seek to increase their influence in Central Asia for economic and geopolitical reasons. Central Asia is important due to its natural resource wealth and location bordering these major powers. Turkey specifically aims to transport Central Asian oil and gas to Europe to reduce Russian dominance and earn transit fees. Russia wants to prevent loss of influence after the Soviet Union's collapse and Chinese economic engagement in the region. China seeks Central Asian energy to power its economy. Geopolitical relationships in Central Asia are complex with each country pursuing its own strategic interests.

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Turkey, Russia & China in Central Asia Iakovos Alhadeff At the following Wikipedia map, from the article List of Turkic dynasties and countries, you can see the Turkic countries. The term Turkic refers to the countries that are either of Turkic origin or they are Turkic speaking. Picture 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_dynasties_and_countries The list of Turkic counties includes Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. Tajikistan has ethnic and linguistic ties with Iran and not Turkey, and thats why Tajikistan does not
appear with red on the map. There is even a Turkic Council, which has its base in Constantinople (Istanbul), and its members are Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have decided not to join the council, but they are welcome to join in the future if they decide so. I have mentioned many times the great importance of the countries of Central Asia i.e. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, since two of them are very rich in oil (Kazakhstan) and gas (Turkmenistan). I have also mentioned many times Turkeys efforts to send the oil and natural gas of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to Europe, in order to keep a part of it, in order to earn huge transit fees, and finally in order to increase her geopolitical significance. But Turkey is not only interested in making some energy deals with the countries of Central Asia. As you can see at the following map, the countries of Central Asia are ex-members of the Soviet Union, and they are weak and unstable countries, encircled by Russia, China, Turkey and Iran. The countries of Central Asia are at the epicenter of the energy policies of these four countries. Picture 2
Turkey wants to send their natural gas and oil to Europe in order to reduce her dependence on Russia, but also to earn transit fees and increase her geopolitical significance. Turkeys advantage is that it offers an alternative to Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, two countries which are surrounded by two competitors, Iran and Russia, and only one buyer i.e. China. These countries want to reduce their dependence on China, and get rid of Russias pressures. China wants to absorb the oil and gas of the region, in order to avoid the sea lanes, where the American Navy is dominant, but also because the oil and gas of Central Asia is a cheap source of energy for China, due to Chinas geographical proximity with Central Asia. Russia wants to prevent the oil and gas of Central Asia from reaching the European markets, where Russia is the dominant player. Russia is annoyed by the increased Chinese influence in Central Asia, but Russia puts up with
the Chinese influence, because by absorbing the resources of the region, the Chinese make it harder for the oil and gas of the region to reach to Europe. However it must be noted that the increased cooperation between China and Central Asia will at some point bring military cooperation too, and thats a problem for Russia, because Central Asia is located under West Siberia, and most of the Russian oil (62%) and natural gas (89%) production comes from West Siberia, as you can see at the following Energy Information Administration map. You can see that West Siberia is located above Kazakhstan, and it lies after the Ural Mountains, which are Russias natural shield at her eastern flank. Picture 3 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=18051
Therefore in the past Central Asia also worked as a security buffer for Russia, which will not be the case in the future since there will be growing Chinese presence in the area. At some point the growing economic cooperation between China and the countries of Central Asia will also develop to a military cooperation. And maybe Russia and China are currently allies, but nobody knows what will happen in the next decades, or even in the next years. In any case it is a sure thing that Russia is not glad to see China dominating a region that was traditionally influenced by Russia, and which is located under the oil and natural gas fields of West Siberia. During the 20th century the countries of Central Asia were members of the Soviet Union, and they were under Russian influence. In a sense these countries, together with the countries of Eastern Europe were Russian colonies. These countries were for Russia what the African countries were for the Europeans. But when the Soviet Union collapsed, the other three players i.e. China, Turkey and Iran, increased their influence over Central Asia. Each country has its advantages in this battle for influence. Russia still has strong political and military ties with the region, and most of the countries are run by communist dictators who are ex members of the Soviet communist party. It is true of course that old friendships can not always prove to be as strong as economic interests. Thats the reason Vladimir Putin said in 2014 that there was never a country called Kazakhstan, and that this region has always been under Russian influence, and thats how things should stay in the future, as you can read at the following Guardian article, titled Kazakhstan is latest Russian neighbour to feel Putin's chilly nationalist rhetoric, September 2014. Putin wanted to
remind to the President of Kazakhstan that he should be very careful with his relations with NATO and the West. Russia has strong political and military power over Central Asia, but China has the economic power, because China is the largest investor in Central Asia, and it is the country that buys most of the regions oil and gas. Iran would like to see the oil and gas of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan passing through Iran before reaching Europe and the Indian Ocean. For Iran these countries are natural competitors, but if their oil and gas was to pass through Iran before reaching the West and the South, Iran would obtain leverage over these counties. Moreover Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan would stop pushing for solutions like the Trans-Caspian Pipeline and the TAPI Pipeline (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India), which would bypass Iran, reducing the Iranian geopolitical and economic influence. See map 4. Picture 4
As I said Russia has military and political influence over Central Asia, China has economic influence, but Turkey has cultural influence over the region, and it can also prove to be an alternative for these countries. Religion was almost banned as long as these countries were members of the Soviet Union, but things changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Now Turkey can use Islam to increase her influence over Central Asia, and she can also employ Islamist fighters in order to increase her influence. As you can read at the following Foreign Policy article, titled IMU Members Pledge Support to ISIS, March 2015, the Sunni Islamists of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) declared their support for ISIS i.e. the Islamic State, which is influenced by Turkey. The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan wants to overthrow the communist dictator Islam Karimov, who is an ex member of the Soviet communist party, and has been Uzbekistans president since the countrys independence in 1991.
If you take a look at the map, you will see that it is Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan that have a motive to cooperate with Turkey, in order to avoid their competitors Iran and Russia, and in order to reduce their economic dependence on China. Uzbekistan on the other hand is poor in energy reserves country, and it wants the oil and natural gas of the region to move eastwards, in order to pass through Uzbekistan, generating transit fees and investments for Uzbekistan. Thats the reason relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan have been problematic as you can read at the following Hurriyet article, titled Turkish FM in Uzbekistan to reignite relations, July 2014. On the contrary Turkeys relations with Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have been great, as you can read at the following article of Daily Sabah, titled Turkey and Kazakhstan: A relationship to cherish, April 2015, and at Todays Zaman article titled Turkey, Turkmenistan seal new energy deals, March 2015. Daily Sabah and Todays Zaman are the English editions of the Sabah and the Zaman, two of the largest Turkish newspapers. Turkey wants to play a dominant role in Central Asia, a region where the Muslim and Turkic element is dominant, and thats why Turkey and China have problems over the Chinese province of Xinjiang in East China, which borders Kazakhstan. In Xinjiang the Muslim element is dominant, and the Islamist organization East Turkestan Islamic Movement is very active. For the conflict between Turkey and China over Xinjiang also see also Turkey VS China at the following link. https://iakal.wordpress.com/2015/07/21/turkey-vs-china/
Picture 5 I must also say that the United States, together with India, support the TAPI pipeline (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India), because they do not want the countries of Central Asia to be dependent only on China for their exports, and they do not want India to depend on Iran for energy supplies. Moreover if the Turkmen natural gas, and later maybe the Kazakh oil, were to reach the Indian Ocean, they could be an alternative for the oil and natural gas of the Persian Gulf. The TAPI pipeline is not a problem for Russia, but it is a great problem for the Arabs and the Iranians, who count on Asia for their oil and natural gas exports. Therefore the Arabs and the Iranians try to block TAPI in Afghanistan. For more details for the war in Afghanistan see Pakistan VS Taliban https://iakal.wordpress.com/2015/07/23/pakistan-vs-taliban/
For the oil and natural gas fields of the region see the following map from Columbia University. Picture 6 http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Oil_and_Oil_Facilities_lg.jpg Relevant Articles For the first Wikipedia article see List of Turkic dynasties and countries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_dynasties_and_countries For the second Wikipedia article see Turkic Council https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_Council For the Guardian article see Kazakhstan is latest Russian neighbour to feel Putin's chilly nationalist rhetoric, September 2014 6th , 7th , 8th and 9th Paragraphs But it is in the south, not in the north-west, that the chilly blast of Putin's rhetoric is being felt, far away from Europe and from Nato. In little-noticed remarks last week, he called into question the legitimacy of the post- Soviet state of Kazakhstanwhile ordering the Kazakhs to be on their best behaviour when it came to serving Russian interests. The remarks, to an audience of young people in Russia on Friday, sent shocke waves through the central Asian republic, which also hosts a large ethnic Russian minority centred in the north on the Russian border. Putin said there had never been a country called Kazakhstan, that the republic was purely the product of the current president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/01/kazakhstan-russian-neighbour-putin- chilly-nationalist-rhetoric For the Foreign Policy article see IMU Members Pledge Support to ISIS, March 2015 http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/31/imu-members-pledge-support-to-isis- pakistani-delegation-heads-to-saudi-arabia-gujarat-passes-contentious-anti- terror-bill/
For the Hurriyet article see Turkish FM in Uzbekistan to reignite relations, July 2014 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th Paragraphs Turkey was the first country to recognize Uzbekistans independence in 1991. But relations with Uzbekistan began to deteriorate when Uzbek troops killed hundreds of demonstrators in the town of Andijan on 13 May, 2005, provoking an international outcry. Turkey backed a U.N. resolution condemning Uzbekistan over its human rights violations in Andijan, provoking the ire of strongman Uzbek President Islam Karimov. We are all upset that relations have not been at the desired level in recent years. We hope the current political environment will pave the way for us to enhance our relationship, Davutolu said. Prior to his visit, Davutolu referred to the halt in Turkish and Uzbek relations since 2006 as a misunderstanding. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-fm-in-uzbekistan-to-reignite- relations.aspx?pageID=238&nID=68947&NewsCatID=510 For the Daily Sabah article see Turkey and Kazakhstan: A relationship to cherish, April 2015 1st and 2nd Paragraph t year, Kazakhstan will celebrate the 25th year of its independence. With a population of over 17 million and a large landmass, it is one of the pivotal states of Central Asia. It is also strategically situated between two major powers: Russia and China. Kazakhstan has extensive economic and political relations with Europe and the U.S. This makes Kazakhstan a country of 'balance-politics,' where the Kazakh leadership seeks a foreign policy based on regional cooperation and global engagement. President Erdogan visited Kazakhstan on April 16-17 to hold the second meeting of the
High Level Strategic Council between the two countries. Turkey was the first country to recognize Kazakhstan's independence in 1991. Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan's President, still recounts with gratitude how Turgut Ozal, President of Turkey at the time, called him only two hours after Kazakhstan declared independence. Since then, the two countries developed close relations at political, economic and cultural levels. Turkish companies have completed projects worth $20 billion. The 2014 trade volume was over $3 billion. The goal is to reach $10 billion over the next five years. 6th Paragraph Many elements unite Turkey and Kazakhstan. Economic relations, as mentioned before, are gaining strength, although there is more work to be done to reach the $10 billion trade goal. The two countries see each other as political allies, and they cooperate on numerous regional and global issues from the group of Central Asian Turkish republics to the U.N. http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/ibrahim-kalin/2015/04/18/turkey-and- kazakhstan-a-relationship-to-cherish For the Todays Zaman article see Turkey, Turkmenistan seal new energy deals, March 2015 1st Paragraph Following a meeting with Turkmen President Gurbanguli Berdimuhamedov in Ankara, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has announced that Turkey, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan will establish a trilateral mechanism on energy issues, with the first leaders' meeting to take place in Turkmenistan. 6th Paragraph In November last year, Turkmenistan and Turkey came to a framework agreement according to which Turkmenistan will supply gas for a new pipeline project -- called the
Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) -- that could help Europe reduce its dependence on Russian gas imports. When Erdoan visited Ashgabat in November he underscored that Turkey attaches great importance to the delivery of Turkmenistan's natural gas to Europe via Turkey. Europe's energy security is important for us, Erdoan said at the time. http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turkey-turkmenistan-seal-new-energy- deals_374197.html A great article for the antagonism between Turkey, Russia and China in Central Asia is Stratfors Turkey's Growing Involvement in Central Asia, April 2012. https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/turkeys-growing-involvement-central-asia

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Turkey, Russia and China in Central Asia

  • 1. Turkey, Russia & China in Central Asia Iakovos Alhadeff At the following Wikipedia map, from the article List of Turkic dynasties and countries, you can see the Turkic countries. The term Turkic refers to the countries that are either of Turkic origin or they are Turkic speaking. Picture 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_dynasties_and_countries The list of Turkic counties includes Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. Tajikistan has ethnic and linguistic ties with Iran and not Turkey, and thats why Tajikistan does not
  • 2. appear with red on the map. There is even a Turkic Council, which has its base in Constantinople (Istanbul), and its members are Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan have decided not to join the council, but they are welcome to join in the future if they decide so. I have mentioned many times the great importance of the countries of Central Asia i.e. Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, since two of them are very rich in oil (Kazakhstan) and gas (Turkmenistan). I have also mentioned many times Turkeys efforts to send the oil and natural gas of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to Europe, in order to keep a part of it, in order to earn huge transit fees, and finally in order to increase her geopolitical significance. But Turkey is not only interested in making some energy deals with the countries of Central Asia. As you can see at the following map, the countries of Central Asia are ex-members of the Soviet Union, and they are weak and unstable countries, encircled by Russia, China, Turkey and Iran. The countries of Central Asia are at the epicenter of the energy policies of these four countries. Picture 2
  • 3. Turkey wants to send their natural gas and oil to Europe in order to reduce her dependence on Russia, but also to earn transit fees and increase her geopolitical significance. Turkeys advantage is that it offers an alternative to Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, two countries which are surrounded by two competitors, Iran and Russia, and only one buyer i.e. China. These countries want to reduce their dependence on China, and get rid of Russias pressures. China wants to absorb the oil and gas of the region, in order to avoid the sea lanes, where the American Navy is dominant, but also because the oil and gas of Central Asia is a cheap source of energy for China, due to Chinas geographical proximity with Central Asia. Russia wants to prevent the oil and gas of Central Asia from reaching the European markets, where Russia is the dominant player. Russia is annoyed by the increased Chinese influence in Central Asia, but Russia puts up with
  • 4. the Chinese influence, because by absorbing the resources of the region, the Chinese make it harder for the oil and gas of the region to reach to Europe. However it must be noted that the increased cooperation between China and Central Asia will at some point bring military cooperation too, and thats a problem for Russia, because Central Asia is located under West Siberia, and most of the Russian oil (62%) and natural gas (89%) production comes from West Siberia, as you can see at the following Energy Information Administration map. You can see that West Siberia is located above Kazakhstan, and it lies after the Ural Mountains, which are Russias natural shield at her eastern flank. Picture 3 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=18051
  • 5. Therefore in the past Central Asia also worked as a security buffer for Russia, which will not be the case in the future since there will be growing Chinese presence in the area. At some point the growing economic cooperation between China and the countries of Central Asia will also develop to a military cooperation. And maybe Russia and China are currently allies, but nobody knows what will happen in the next decades, or even in the next years. In any case it is a sure thing that Russia is not glad to see China dominating a region that was traditionally influenced by Russia, and which is located under the oil and natural gas fields of West Siberia. During the 20th century the countries of Central Asia were members of the Soviet Union, and they were under Russian influence. In a sense these countries, together with the countries of Eastern Europe were Russian colonies. These countries were for Russia what the African countries were for the Europeans. But when the Soviet Union collapsed, the other three players i.e. China, Turkey and Iran, increased their influence over Central Asia. Each country has its advantages in this battle for influence. Russia still has strong political and military ties with the region, and most of the countries are run by communist dictators who are ex members of the Soviet communist party. It is true of course that old friendships can not always prove to be as strong as economic interests. Thats the reason Vladimir Putin said in 2014 that there was never a country called Kazakhstan, and that this region has always been under Russian influence, and thats how things should stay in the future, as you can read at the following Guardian article, titled Kazakhstan is latest Russian neighbour to feel Putin's chilly nationalist rhetoric, September 2014. Putin wanted to
  • 6. remind to the President of Kazakhstan that he should be very careful with his relations with NATO and the West. Russia has strong political and military power over Central Asia, but China has the economic power, because China is the largest investor in Central Asia, and it is the country that buys most of the regions oil and gas. Iran would like to see the oil and gas of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan passing through Iran before reaching Europe and the Indian Ocean. For Iran these countries are natural competitors, but if their oil and gas was to pass through Iran before reaching the West and the South, Iran would obtain leverage over these counties. Moreover Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan would stop pushing for solutions like the Trans-Caspian Pipeline and the TAPI Pipeline (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India), which would bypass Iran, reducing the Iranian geopolitical and economic influence. See map 4. Picture 4
  • 7. As I said Russia has military and political influence over Central Asia, China has economic influence, but Turkey has cultural influence over the region, and it can also prove to be an alternative for these countries. Religion was almost banned as long as these countries were members of the Soviet Union, but things changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Now Turkey can use Islam to increase her influence over Central Asia, and she can also employ Islamist fighters in order to increase her influence. As you can read at the following Foreign Policy article, titled IMU Members Pledge Support to ISIS, March 2015, the Sunni Islamists of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) declared their support for ISIS i.e. the Islamic State, which is influenced by Turkey. The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan wants to overthrow the communist dictator Islam Karimov, who is an ex member of the Soviet communist party, and has been Uzbekistans president since the countrys independence in 1991.
  • 8. If you take a look at the map, you will see that it is Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan that have a motive to cooperate with Turkey, in order to avoid their competitors Iran and Russia, and in order to reduce their economic dependence on China. Uzbekistan on the other hand is poor in energy reserves country, and it wants the oil and natural gas of the region to move eastwards, in order to pass through Uzbekistan, generating transit fees and investments for Uzbekistan. Thats the reason relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan have been problematic as you can read at the following Hurriyet article, titled Turkish FM in Uzbekistan to reignite relations, July 2014. On the contrary Turkeys relations with Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have been great, as you can read at the following article of Daily Sabah, titled Turkey and Kazakhstan: A relationship to cherish, April 2015, and at Todays Zaman article titled Turkey, Turkmenistan seal new energy deals, March 2015. Daily Sabah and Todays Zaman are the English editions of the Sabah and the Zaman, two of the largest Turkish newspapers. Turkey wants to play a dominant role in Central Asia, a region where the Muslim and Turkic element is dominant, and thats why Turkey and China have problems over the Chinese province of Xinjiang in East China, which borders Kazakhstan. In Xinjiang the Muslim element is dominant, and the Islamist organization East Turkestan Islamic Movement is very active. For the conflict between Turkey and China over Xinjiang also see also Turkey VS China at the following link. https://iakal.wordpress.com/2015/07/21/turkey-vs-china/
  • 9. Picture 5 I must also say that the United States, together with India, support the TAPI pipeline (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India), because they do not want the countries of Central Asia to be dependent only on China for their exports, and they do not want India to depend on Iran for energy supplies. Moreover if the Turkmen natural gas, and later maybe the Kazakh oil, were to reach the Indian Ocean, they could be an alternative for the oil and natural gas of the Persian Gulf. The TAPI pipeline is not a problem for Russia, but it is a great problem for the Arabs and the Iranians, who count on Asia for their oil and natural gas exports. Therefore the Arabs and the Iranians try to block TAPI in Afghanistan. For more details for the war in Afghanistan see Pakistan VS Taliban https://iakal.wordpress.com/2015/07/23/pakistan-vs-taliban/
  • 10. For the oil and natural gas fields of the region see the following map from Columbia University. Picture 6 http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Oil_and_Oil_Facilities_lg.jpg Relevant Articles For the first Wikipedia article see List of Turkic dynasties and countries
  • 11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_dynasties_and_countries For the second Wikipedia article see Turkic Council https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_Council For the Guardian article see Kazakhstan is latest Russian neighbour to feel Putin's chilly nationalist rhetoric, September 2014 6th , 7th , 8th and 9th Paragraphs But it is in the south, not in the north-west, that the chilly blast of Putin's rhetoric is being felt, far away from Europe and from Nato. In little-noticed remarks last week, he called into question the legitimacy of the post- Soviet state of Kazakhstanwhile ordering the Kazakhs to be on their best behaviour when it came to serving Russian interests. The remarks, to an audience of young people in Russia on Friday, sent shocke waves through the central Asian republic, which also hosts a large ethnic Russian minority centred in the north on the Russian border. Putin said there had never been a country called Kazakhstan, that the republic was purely the product of the current president, Nursultan Nazarbayev. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/01/kazakhstan-russian-neighbour-putin- chilly-nationalist-rhetoric For the Foreign Policy article see IMU Members Pledge Support to ISIS, March 2015 http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/31/imu-members-pledge-support-to-isis- pakistani-delegation-heads-to-saudi-arabia-gujarat-passes-contentious-anti- terror-bill/
  • 12. For the Hurriyet article see Turkish FM in Uzbekistan to reignite relations, July 2014 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th Paragraphs Turkey was the first country to recognize Uzbekistans independence in 1991. But relations with Uzbekistan began to deteriorate when Uzbek troops killed hundreds of demonstrators in the town of Andijan on 13 May, 2005, provoking an international outcry. Turkey backed a U.N. resolution condemning Uzbekistan over its human rights violations in Andijan, provoking the ire of strongman Uzbek President Islam Karimov. We are all upset that relations have not been at the desired level in recent years. We hope the current political environment will pave the way for us to enhance our relationship, Davutolu said. Prior to his visit, Davutolu referred to the halt in Turkish and Uzbek relations since 2006 as a misunderstanding. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-fm-in-uzbekistan-to-reignite- relations.aspx?pageID=238&nID=68947&NewsCatID=510 For the Daily Sabah article see Turkey and Kazakhstan: A relationship to cherish, April 2015 1st and 2nd Paragraph t year, Kazakhstan will celebrate the 25th year of its independence. With a population of over 17 million and a large landmass, it is one of the pivotal states of Central Asia. It is also strategically situated between two major powers: Russia and China. Kazakhstan has extensive economic and political relations with Europe and the U.S. This makes Kazakhstan a country of 'balance-politics,' where the Kazakh leadership seeks a foreign policy based on regional cooperation and global engagement. President Erdogan visited Kazakhstan on April 16-17 to hold the second meeting of the
  • 13. High Level Strategic Council between the two countries. Turkey was the first country to recognize Kazakhstan's independence in 1991. Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan's President, still recounts with gratitude how Turgut Ozal, President of Turkey at the time, called him only two hours after Kazakhstan declared independence. Since then, the two countries developed close relations at political, economic and cultural levels. Turkish companies have completed projects worth $20 billion. The 2014 trade volume was over $3 billion. The goal is to reach $10 billion over the next five years. 6th Paragraph Many elements unite Turkey and Kazakhstan. Economic relations, as mentioned before, are gaining strength, although there is more work to be done to reach the $10 billion trade goal. The two countries see each other as political allies, and they cooperate on numerous regional and global issues from the group of Central Asian Turkish republics to the U.N. http://www.dailysabah.com/columns/ibrahim-kalin/2015/04/18/turkey-and- kazakhstan-a-relationship-to-cherish For the Todays Zaman article see Turkey, Turkmenistan seal new energy deals, March 2015 1st Paragraph Following a meeting with Turkmen President Gurbanguli Berdimuhamedov in Ankara, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has announced that Turkey, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan will establish a trilateral mechanism on energy issues, with the first leaders' meeting to take place in Turkmenistan. 6th Paragraph In November last year, Turkmenistan and Turkey came to a framework agreement according to which Turkmenistan will supply gas for a new pipeline project -- called the
  • 14. Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline (TANAP) -- that could help Europe reduce its dependence on Russian gas imports. When Erdoan visited Ashgabat in November he underscored that Turkey attaches great importance to the delivery of Turkmenistan's natural gas to Europe via Turkey. Europe's energy security is important for us, Erdoan said at the time. http://www.todayszaman.com/anasayfa_turkey-turkmenistan-seal-new-energy- deals_374197.html A great article for the antagonism between Turkey, Russia and China in Central Asia is Stratfors Turkey's Growing Involvement in Central Asia, April 2012. https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/turkeys-growing-involvement-central-asia