際際滷

際際滷Share a Scribd company logo

TYPHOID FEVER

A
Azhar Manzoor

Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria. It is transmitted through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include sustained high fever, weakness, abdominal pain, and headaches. Diagnosis involves blood, stool, or urine cultures. Treatment consists of antibiotics like chloramphenicol or ciprofloxacin for 10-14 days along with rest and proper nutrition. Prevention relies on proper sanitation, hygiene, and vaccination.

Convert to study materialsBETA

Transform any presentation into ready-made study materialselect from outputs like summaries, definitions, and practice questions.

1 of 32
By Azhar Manzoor
Introduction Typhoid fever is a life threatening infection of the intestinal tract and bloodstream caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae or salmonella paratyphi (A,B or C) Clinically characterized by typical continuous fever for 3 to 4 weeks with relative bradycardia with involvement of intestinal lymphoid tissue, reticuloendothelial system & gallbladder S. Typhi is a gram negative, non-spore forming, motile bacteria. The bacteria grows best at 37属C.
Salmonella Typhi
TYPHOID FEVER
TYPHOID FEVER
Epidemiological Triad
Agent Typhoid fever is caused by S.Typhi. Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream & intestinal tract. Both cases & carriers carry Salmonella Typhi in their feces. S typhi is a gram negative, spore forming, motile bacteria. The bacteria grows best at 37属C.
Host factors AGE:- It affects all ages but higher rate is found in childrens of 5-19 years. SEX:- Cases are greater in males, than females. Carriers are greater in females. Immunity:- All ages are susceptible. Antibody may b stimulated by infection or by immunization.
Environment Incidence is reported through0ut the year but peak incidence is reported during July-September. I,e the increased rainy season & fly population. The bacilli are also found in water, soil, ice & food. water: 2 to 7 days, but not multiply soil: 35 to 70 days. Food: Multiply and survive for sometime. In milk it grows rapidly without altering its taste.
Others Pollution of drinking water supplies. Open field defecation & urination. Low personal hygiene. Poor food hygiene. Health ignorance.
Pathophysiology Ingestion of contaminated food or water Salmonella bacteria Invade small intestine and enter the bloodstream Carried by white blood cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow Multiply and reenter the bloodstream
Bacteria invade the gallbladder, biliary system, and the lymphatic tissue of the bowel and multiply in high numbers Then pass into the intestinal tract and can be identified for diagnosis in cultures from the stool tested in the laboratory
Incubation Period Incubation period is usually 10-14 days. It may be as short as 3 days or as long as 21 days.
Modes of transmission Typhoid fever occurs through fecal oral route or urine-oral route. Direct Transmission:- Through hands contaminated with faeces or urine of cases or carriers. Indirect transmission:- Through ingestion of contaminated food, H2O, milk, Soil. Flies play a role in transmission.
Clinical symptoms High fever ranges from 103-104属F (39属 to 40属C) Weakness, headache, abdominal pain, loss of appetite. The patient looks: constipation, diarrhea. Rose colour spots appears in some cases.
Headache
High Fever
Weakness
Dry Cough
Abdominal Pain
Chest Congestion
Rose Colour Spots
Constipation
Complications Hallucination Endocarditis Myocarditis Pancreatitis Pneumonia Meningitis Bleeding in intestine Holes in intestine
Diagnosis Blood culture Stool culture Urine culture Bone marrow culture ELISA from blood (igM & igG) WIDAL test.
Treatement Activity- Rest is helpful. Medical Care- Antibiotics, Corticosteroids, Antipyretics. Diet- Fluid & electrolytes should be monitered. soft digestable food is preferred. * Surgical care- in case of intestinal perforation.
First line antibiotics- Choloramphenicol-oral, IV 500mg qid (50mg/kg in 4 doses) for 14 days. Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole-Oral, IV 160-800mg bid(4-20mg/kg in 2 doses) 14 days. Ampicillin/Amoxycillin-Oral,IM,IV 1000-2000mg qid(50-100mg/kg in 4 doses for 14 days. 2nd line antibiotics- Ciprofloxacin Oral/IV 500mg bid or 200mg bid 10-14 days. Norfloxacin Oral 400mg bid 10 days.
Preventive measures Carriers should be prevented from handling food, milk, or water for others Isolation Disinfection Water sanitation Food sanitation Excretic disposal Fly control
Vaccines Two vaccines are given:
TYPHOID FEVER
Summary and Conclusion Introduction Epidemiological triad Pathophysiology Incubation period Modes of transmission Clinical symptoms Diagnosis Treatement & prevention
TYPHOID FEVER

More Related Content

TYPHOID FEVER

  • 2. Introduction Typhoid fever is a life threatening infection of the intestinal tract and bloodstream caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria of the family enterobacteriaceae or salmonella paratyphi (A,B or C) Clinically characterized by typical continuous fever for 3 to 4 weeks with relative bradycardia with involvement of intestinal lymphoid tissue, reticuloendothelial system & gallbladder S. Typhi is a gram negative, non-spore forming, motile bacteria. The bacteria grows best at 37属C.
  • 7. Agent Typhoid fever is caused by S.Typhi. Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream & intestinal tract. Both cases & carriers carry Salmonella Typhi in their feces. S typhi is a gram negative, spore forming, motile bacteria. The bacteria grows best at 37属C.
  • 8. Host factors AGE:- It affects all ages but higher rate is found in childrens of 5-19 years. SEX:- Cases are greater in males, than females. Carriers are greater in females. Immunity:- All ages are susceptible. Antibody may b stimulated by infection or by immunization.
  • 9. Environment Incidence is reported through0ut the year but peak incidence is reported during July-September. I,e the increased rainy season & fly population. The bacilli are also found in water, soil, ice & food. water: 2 to 7 days, but not multiply soil: 35 to 70 days. Food: Multiply and survive for sometime. In milk it grows rapidly without altering its taste.
  • 10. Others Pollution of drinking water supplies. Open field defecation & urination. Low personal hygiene. Poor food hygiene. Health ignorance.
  • 11. Pathophysiology Ingestion of contaminated food or water Salmonella bacteria Invade small intestine and enter the bloodstream Carried by white blood cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow Multiply and reenter the bloodstream
  • 12. Bacteria invade the gallbladder, biliary system, and the lymphatic tissue of the bowel and multiply in high numbers Then pass into the intestinal tract and can be identified for diagnosis in cultures from the stool tested in the laboratory
  • 13. Incubation Period Incubation period is usually 10-14 days. It may be as short as 3 days or as long as 21 days.
  • 14. Modes of transmission Typhoid fever occurs through fecal oral route or urine-oral route. Direct Transmission:- Through hands contaminated with faeces or urine of cases or carriers. Indirect transmission:- Through ingestion of contaminated food, H2O, milk, Soil. Flies play a role in transmission.
  • 15. Clinical symptoms High fever ranges from 103-104属F (39属 to 40属C) Weakness, headache, abdominal pain, loss of appetite. The patient looks: constipation, diarrhea. Rose colour spots appears in some cases.
  • 24. Complications Hallucination Endocarditis Myocarditis Pancreatitis Pneumonia Meningitis Bleeding in intestine Holes in intestine
  • 25. Diagnosis Blood culture Stool culture Urine culture Bone marrow culture ELISA from blood (igM & igG) WIDAL test.
  • 26. Treatement Activity- Rest is helpful. Medical Care- Antibiotics, Corticosteroids, Antipyretics. Diet- Fluid & electrolytes should be monitered. soft digestable food is preferred. * Surgical care- in case of intestinal perforation.
  • 27. First line antibiotics- Choloramphenicol-oral, IV 500mg qid (50mg/kg in 4 doses) for 14 days. Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole-Oral, IV 160-800mg bid(4-20mg/kg in 2 doses) 14 days. Ampicillin/Amoxycillin-Oral,IM,IV 1000-2000mg qid(50-100mg/kg in 4 doses for 14 days. 2nd line antibiotics- Ciprofloxacin Oral/IV 500mg bid or 200mg bid 10-14 days. Norfloxacin Oral 400mg bid 10 days.
  • 28. Preventive measures Carriers should be prevented from handling food, milk, or water for others Isolation Disinfection Water sanitation Food sanitation Excretic disposal Fly control
  • 29. Vaccines Two vaccines are given:
  • 31. Summary and Conclusion Introduction Epidemiological triad Pathophysiology Incubation period Modes of transmission Clinical symptoms Diagnosis Treatement & prevention