Typhoid can be found throughout the world but it is more common in countries where water or food supplies are liable to be contaminated with human excreta especially in Africa, the Indian Sub-continent, South East Asia and South America.
Know more: https://www.travel-doc.com/service/typhoid/
2. Typhoid Vaccination for Travel:
The disease is caused by the bacteria Salmonella
Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B or C. Typhoid is
transmitted by food and drink that has been
contaminated with human faeces or urine (faecal-oral
route).
Typhoid can be found throughout the world but it is
more common in countries where water or food
supplies are liable to be contaminated with human
excreta especially in Africa, the Indian Sub-continent,
South East Asia and South America.
3. The risks for travelers:
Consumption of food and drink that has been
contaminated with faeces or urine from a human case or
carrier; direct faecal oral contamination can also occur.
As with all other illnesses spread by the faecal oral
route, precautionary measures should be taken to avoid
consumption of potentially contaminated drinks and
drinking water and to ensure food is uncontaminated or
cooked thoroughly.
Personal hygiene when eating and drinking is also
important including hand washing prior to eating and
using clean plates, cups and utensils.
4. Typhoid Vaccination:
Vaccination should be considered under the following
circumstances and is dependent on the individual risk
assessment
Vaccination is recommended for travellers to high risk areas
where food and water may be contaminated.
Travel to low risk areas vaccination may be recommended
only to those staying in conditions with poor sanitation and
unable to maintain their own hygiene precautions e.g. hand
hygiene and water purification.
Long term travellers staying for long periods.
A previous typhoid illness does not confer reliable immunity
and, when indicated, vaccine should still be used.