UCSP 2024-3 Cradles of Civilization-updated slides.pdf
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The document explores the origins and characteristics of civilizations across various cultures, emphasizing the rise of states and theories about their formation. It discusses the significance of cultural heritage, including both tangible and intangible aspects, and highlights threats to cultural sites and the importance of their preservation. Additionally, it covers the dynamics of cultural, social, and political change, identifying innovation, leadership, and conflict as key agents of transformation.
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“Strategic Evolution and Global Impact of BRICS: Trade, Governance & Future D...br3002611
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Introduction to BRICS
BRICS, an acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, represents a coalition of emerging economies that have grown into a powerful voice in global economic and geopolitical affairs. Initially coined as “BRIC” by economist Jim O’Neill in 2001, this alliance gained institutional shape over the years and has evolved into a critical pillar of the multipolar world order. With the addition of South Africa in 2010 and subsequent expansions, BRICS now encompasses a significant portion of the world’s population, GDP, and trade capacity.
Historical Evolution and Foundation
The journey of BRICS began with informal ministerial meetings in 2006 and formalized in 2009 with the first summit. Since then, the alliance has held annual summits, collaborated on developmental banking, and continuously advocated for the reform of global financial governance institutions such as the IMF and World Bank.
South Africa’s inclusion was strategic, making BRICS more representative of the Global South. The establishment of the New Development Bank (NDB) in 2014 and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) cemented BRICS' resolve to support sustainable development and provide alternatives to Western-dominated financial structures.
Current Membership and Expanding Influence
Initially comprising five countries, BRICS is expanding. As of the 16th Summit in Kazan, 2024, six more countries—Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Argentina—have either joined or shown interest, increasing the bloc’s relevance. This wider representation not only broadens market access but also strengthens BRICS as a strategic counterbalance to Western alliances like the G7 or NATO.
With the inclusion of new members, BRICS covers:
42% of global population
30% of global land area
23% of global GDP
44% of crude oil production
Objectives and Institutional Mechanisms
BRICS primarily aims to:
Reform global governance institutions for greater equity
Promote South-South cooperation
Encourage sustainable development
Reduce dependence on the U.S. dollar and Western-controlled systems
Key institutional mechanisms include:
Annual BRICS Summits
New Development Bank (NDB)
Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA)
BRICS Business Council
Think Tank Network for Finance
These structures foster deeper economic integration, financial autonomy, and policy collaboration across member states.
Key Themes from the 16th BRICS Summit (Kazan, Russia 2024)
The latest summit emphasized:
Expansion and inclusion of new members
Promotion of multilateralism and peaceful conflict resolution (Ukraine, West Asia)
Financial integration through non-dollar trade systems
Launch of the BRICS Grain Exchange
Wildlife conservation (Big Cats initiative)
India-China diplomatic reset on border issues
Strategic Benefits for Individual Members
Each member contributes uniquely:
Brazil: Agricultural powerhouse and energy exporter
Russia: Major energy supplier and strategic geopoliticalShivsrushti’s Special Summer Access Made Possible by Abhay Bhutada Foundation
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Abhay Bhutada Foundation’s contribution has made Shivsrushti’s immersive historical experience more inclusive. This presentation covers the summer ticket campaign, attractions like the Time Machine Theatre, and how visitors can take part before July 15, 2025.Competency of Interactive Diplomacy.pdf.pdf
Competency of Interactive Diplomacy.pdf.pdfgiselladarfian
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Let’s talk about contemporary debates in IR and Diplomacy on Energy and Environment!Final Demonstration Three Branches of Government.pptx
Final Demonstration Three Branches of Government.pptxdanilynolinares
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Demonstration on Three Branches of GovernmentTracking Progress on the Integration of Nature in National Adaptation Plan Pr...
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Tracking Progress on the Integration of Nature in National Adaptation Plan Processes?Texas Water Association: 89th Legislative Recap
Texas Water Association: 89th Legislative RecapTexas Water Association
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Sarah Kirkle, TWA Director of Policy and Legislative AffairsAd
UCSP 2024-3 Cradles of Civilization-updated slides.pdf
- 3. Five Features of Civilization ?Cities ?Writing ?Specialization ?Government ?Religion
- 4. Rise of the State ?Sumerian Civilization ?Egyptian ?Greece ?Roman Republic
- 5. Supplemental Reading ? https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and- culture/2014/12/08/1399719/understanding-culture-and-culture-change ? https://medium.com/@afacebu.irish/filipino-dating-evolution-of-courtship-in- the-philippines-b4881a69aeee ? https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1941.43.1.02a000 30
- 6. Elements of a State ?Territory ?Sovereignty ?People ?Government
- 8. Divine RightTheory ? This theory posits that the state or the rulership of a monarch is justified by a divine source or God's will.
- 9. ForceTheory (ConquestTheory) ? This theory emphasizes that the state was born of force. One person or a small group took control of an area, forced the population to submit, and established the earliest government.
- 10. PaternalisticTheory (EvolutionaryTheory) ? this theory suggests that the state emerged from the primitive family, with the idea of the state being an extension of the father figure protecting and leading a larger family.
- 11. Social ContractTheory ? This theory posits that the state originated from a contract or agreement among people to surrender some of their freedoms to a central authority in return for protection and order.
- 12. NaturalTheory (OrganicTheory) ? This theory asserts that the state is a natural evolution from the social nature of humans, emphasizing the inherent sociability and tendency of humans to live collectively.
- 13. Democratization of the State Democracy means "rule by the people."The idea started in ancient Greece, especially in the city-state of Athens around the 5th century BCE.
- 14. Modern Democracy The Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries reintroduced and expanded democratic ideas, emphasizing individual rights and the social contract. Revolutions, like theAmerican and French revolutions, further spread democratic ideals. Today, democracy exists in various forms across many countries, emphasizing values like freedom, equality, and participation.
- 16. Cultural Heritage: ? refers to the legacy of physical artifacts (like buildings or artworks) and intangible attributes (like traditions or values) of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present, and passed on to future generations. It's what defines our identity as a community.
- 17. Tangible Heritage: ? the physical aspect of cultural heritage. It includes things you can touch and see, like ancient buildings, monuments, artifacts in museums, historical sites, and landscapes.Think of the Pyramids in Egypt or the Great Wall of China as examples.
- 18. Intangible Heritage: ? deals with non-physical aspects of cultural heritage. It includes practices, traditions, knowledge, and skills that people pass down through generations. Examples include folk dances, oral traditions, rituals, and traditional craftsmanship. An example might be the flamenco dancing of Spain or the way a certain community prepares a traditional dish.
- 21. Cultural Heritage ? an expression of the ways of living developed by a community passed on from generation to generation, including customs, practices, places, objects, artistic espressions and values.
- 22. Common types of Cultural Heritage ? Built environment ? Natural Environment ? Artifacts
- 23. Protection and Care of Cultural Heritage ? Conservation ? Preservation ? Restoration ? Conversion ? Reconstruction
- 24. Protection and Care of Cultural Heritage ? Conservation ? Preservation ? Restoration ? Conversion ? Reconstruction
- 25. Importance of Cultural Heritage Sites Evidential Value ? potential to yield evidence about past human activity
- 26. Importance of Cultural Heritage Sites Historical Value ? connection of a place to the people, events, and other aspects of the past.
- 27. Importance of Cultural Heritage Sites Aesthetic Value ? people draw sensory and intellectual inspiration
- 28. Importance of Cultural Heritage Sites Communal Value ? the meaning of a place for the people who relate to it.
- 29. Threats to Cultural Heritage 1. Deterioration A. Man-made aggression – Pollution – Vandalism – Looting – Armed conflicts B. Natural Aggression – Climate Change – Natural Detorioration – Natural Hazards
- 30. Threats to Cultural Heritage 2. Development A. Urban Pressure B. Commercial Activities C. Encroachment D. Agricuture Pressures E. Illegal Construction F. Garbage G. Old or New water supply / drainage
- 31. Threats to Cultural Heritage 3. Extraction of Resources Legal or illegal extraction of resources
- 32. Threats to Cultural Heritage 4. Large-scale Development Projects A. Bridges / Roads / Airports, etc. B. Industrial Complex C. Dam D. Power lines E. Lack of Impact Assessment
- 33. Threats to Cultural Heritage 5. Tourism A. Vandalism B. Leakage tourism / unsustainable tourism C. Over-visiting, Uncontrolled tourism D. Garbage E. Lack of Impact Assessment F. Inadequate Facilities
- 34. Threats to Cultural Heritage 6. Local on-site Management Deficiencies 7. Cultural Changes or Deficiencies 8. Socio-economic-national infrastructure context
- 35. Heritage Cycle Enjoying from enjoying comes a thirst to understand Understanding By understanding they will value Valueing By valuing they will cant to care for it Caring by caring people enjoy it
- 36. RA 10066 - National Cultural Heritage Act ? designating the National Commission on the Culture and the Arts (NCCA) as lead agency
- 37. Other Agencies mandated with Cultural Heritage Preservation ? Cultural Center of the Philippines ? National Archives of the Philippines ? National Library ? National Historical Institute
- 38. CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE
- 39. Cultural Change is the modification of society through innovation, invention, discovery, or contact with other societies.
- 40. Social change is the alteration of mechanisms within social structure, characterized by changes in in cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizational, or value systems.
- 41. Political change deals with major processes of growth, decay, and breakdown of political systems; a ceaseless ferment of adaptation and adjustment.
- 42. Agents of Cultural, Societal, and Political Change ?Innovation ?Action of Leaders ?Conflict
- 43. Innovation Innovation is the invention of something new - an idea, a process, a practice, a device, a tool. Innovations build on existing knowledge and materials. Essential Question: “Are people in control of their inventions or do their inventions control them?”
- 44. Action of Leaders ? A leader is someone who has the power to influence others or who is in charge or in command of a social institution ? The actions of leaders represent a trigger to social change.
- 46. Conflict ? The struggle for agency in or power in society ? Conflict whether it involves violent clashes or public debate, is both consequence and cause of change.