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UNIT - 1- Ood ddnwkjfnewcsdkjnjkfnskfn.pptx
1. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY,
DELHI NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR
21CSC101T OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN AND PROGRAMMING
Unit 1
Dr. Uma Meena
Associate Professor (CSE Dept)
2. Contents:
Unit-1 : Introduction to OOPS
Object-Oriented Programming - Features of C++ - I/O Operations,
Data Types, Variables-Static, Constants-Pointers
Type Conversions Conditional and looping statements Arrays
C++ 11 features - Class and Objects, Abstraction and Encapsulation,
Access Specifiers,
UML Diagrams Introduction Use Case Diagram - Class Diagram
9. Object-Oriented Programming - Features of C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming language that was developed as an
enhancement of the C language to include an object-oriented paradigm. It is an
imperative and compiled language.
1. Object-Oriented Programming
2. Machine Independent
3. Simple
4. High-Level Language
5. Popular
6. Case-sensitive
7. Compiler Based
8. Dynamic Memory Allocation
9. Memory Management
10. Multi-threading
10. 1. Object-Oriented Programming:
Concepts of Object-oriented programming Language:
Class
Objects
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
Inheritance
Abstraction
11. What is a Class in C++?
A class is a user-defined data type, which holds its own data members and
member functions, which can be accessed and used by creating an
instance of that class. A C++ class is like a blueprint for an object.
But we cannot use the class as it is. We first have to create an object of the
class to use its features. An Object is an instance of a Class.
Note: When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is
instantiated (i.e. an object is created) memory is allocated.
12. Defining Class in C++
A class is defined in C++ using the keyword class followed by the name of the
class.
Syntax:
class ClassName
{
access_specifier:
// Body of the class
};
13. Example
class Student
{
public:
int var; // data member
void print( )
{ // member method
cout << "Hello";
}
};
15. What is an Object in C++?
Syntax to Create an Object
ClassName ObjectName ;
Example
Student obj;
16. 2. Machine Independent
Suppose we have written a piece of code that can run on
Linux/Windows/Mac OSx which makes the C++ Machine
Independent but the executable file of the C++ cannot run on
different operating systems.
3. Simple
It is a simple language in the sense that programs can be broken
down into logical units and parts, has rich library support and has
a variety of data types. Also, the Auto Keyword of C++ makes life
easier.
17. 4. High-Level Language: C++ is a High-Level Language
5. Popular
6. Case-sensitive
7. Compiler Based
C++ is a compiler-based language. That is C++ programs used to be
compiled and their executable file is used to run them.
C++ is a relatively faster language than Java and Python.
18. 8. Dynamic Memory Allocation
9. Memory Management
C++ allows us to allocate the memory of a variable or an array in run time.
This is known as Dynamic Memory Allocation.
In C++, the memory must be de-allocated dynamically allocated memory
manually after it is of no use.
The allocation and deallocation of the memory can be done using the new
and delete operators respectively.
19. Structure of C++ Program:
/*_______________*/
//________________
Link Section:
1. Header files
2. Namespaces: its like a container for identifiers
Means objects, functions, class. Or group of elements.
using namespace std;
Namespaces can be accessed in multiple ways:
using namespace std;
using std :: cout;
21. #include<stdio.h>
int main( ){
const float PI=3.14;
printf("The value of PI is: %f",PI);
return 0;
}
Output:
The value of PI is: 3.140000
22. What would happen if neither using namespace std nor std:: is used for
cout?
23. Definition Section:
It is used to declare some constants and assign them some value.
Global Declaration Section:
Variables and the class definitions which are going to be used in the program are
declared to make them global.
25. Example : Swap Numbers (Using Temporary Variable)
26. Basic Input / Output in C++:
C++ comes with libraries that provide us with many ways for performing input
and output.
In C++ input and output are performed in the form of a sequence of bytes or
more commonly known as streams.
Input Stream: If the direction of flow of bytes is from the device(for example,
Keyboard) to the main memory then this process is called input.
Output Stream: If the direction of flow of bytes is opposite, i.e. from main
memory to device( display screen ) then this process is called output.
27. Header files available in C++ for Input/Output operations are:
iostream: iostream stands for standard input-output stream. This header file
contains definitions of objects like cin, cout, cerr, etc.
iomanip: iomanip stands for input-output manipulators. The methods
declared in these files are used for manipulating streams. This file contains
definitions of setw, setprecision, etc.
fstream: This header file mainly describes the file stream.
bits/stdc++: This header file includes every standard library.
28. Standard output stream (cout): It display the screen, insertion operator(<<)
29. standard input stream (cin): read input from the standard input device which is usually a
keyboard and use extraction operator(>>).
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
int age;
cout << "Enter your age:";
cin >> age;
cout << "nYour age is: " << age;
return 0;
}
30. C++ Data Types:
Basic Data Type: int, char, float, double, etc
Derived Data Type: array, pointer, etc
Enumeration Data Type: enum
User Defined Data Type: structure
33. Character Data Type (char):
The character data type is used to store a single character.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
// Character variable
char c = U';
cout << c;
return 0;
}
34. Boolean Data Type (bool):
Bool keyword is used to define a boolean variable.
Syntax
bool name; //where name is the identifier assigned to the variable.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
// Creating a boolean variable
bool isTrue = true;
cout << isTrue;
return 0;
}
35. Floating Point Data Type (float):
Syntax float name;
float f = 36.5;
cout << f;
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// Function with void return type
void hello() {
cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;
}
int main() {
hello();
return 0;
}
Syntax: void functionName();
36. Variables in C++:
Static Variable
When a variable is declared as static, space for the static variable is allocated
only once and the value of variable in the previous call gets carried through
the next function call.
Example: static int count=0;
Constant Variable
the variable declared as "constant", which means unchangeable and read-
only
Example: const int count=0;
const int myNum = 15; // myNum will always be 15
myNum = 10; // error: assignment of read-only
37. C++ Reference Variable/ Pointers
A pointer refers to a variable that holds the address of another variable.
For example, a pointer of type integer can hold the address of a variable of
type integer.
Example of valid pointer declarations
int *x; // a pointer to integer
double *x; // a pointer to double
float *x; // a pointer to float
char *ch // a pointer to a character
38. #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Defining and initializing a variable
int age1 = 15;
// Defining a variable
int age2;
// Initialize the variable
age2 = 99;
// Displaying variable
cout << age1 << endl;
cout << age2;
return 0;
}
Example: Store Data in a Variable and Print
39. C++ Tokens
A token is the smallest element of a program that is meaningful to the
compiler. Tokens can be classified as follows:
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Constants
4. Strings
5. Special Symbols
6. Operators
40. Keywords in C++
Keywords are pre-defined or reserved words in a programming language.
41. C++ Type Modifiers:
There are 4 type modifiers in C++. They are:
signed
unsigned
short
long
We can modify the following data types with the above modifiers:
int
double
char
42. C++ Operator:
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical
or logical manipulations.
49. If Statement:
The if statement is the most simple decision-making statement. It is used to decide
whether a certain statement or block of statements will be executed or not
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i = 10;
if (i > 15) {
cout << "10 is greater than 15";
}
cout << "I am Not in if";
}
50. if-else: The if-else statement consists of two blocks, one for false expression
and one for true expression.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i = 20;
if (i < 15)
cout << "i is smaller than 15";
else
cout << "i is greater than 15";
return 0;
}
51. There are three types of loops in C++
1. For Loop
2. While Loop
3. Do-While Loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
cout<<i <<"n";
}
return 0;
}
55. Scope resolution operator ::
Scope resolution operator (::) in C++ is used to define
a function outside a class
The scope resolution operator signifies the class to
which belong.
The class name is specified on the left-hand side of
the scope resolution operator. The name of the
function being defined is on the right-hand side.
Example:
class_name :: member_function_name(){
} 55
56. 56
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Game {
public:
void play(); // Function declaration
};
// function definition outside the class
void Game::play() {
cout << "Function defined outside the
class.n";
}
int main() {
Game g;
g.play();
return 0;
}
Function declared inside
class
Using scope to define
function procedure
outside of class
Scope resolution
operator ::
57. Access Specifier/Modifier
Data hiding refers to restricting access to data
members of a class. This is to prevent other functions
and classes from tampering with the class data
However, it is also important to make some member
functions and member data accessible so that the
hidden data can be manipulated indirectly.
The access modifiers of C++ allows us to determine
which class members are accessible to other classes
and functions, and which are not.
57
58. public Access Modifier
The public keyword is used to create public members
(data and functions).
The public members are accessible from any part of
the program.
The public elements are accessible from main(). This is
because public elements are accessible from all parts
of the program.
The public can be accessed from within class or
outside class.
58
61. 61
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// define a class
class Sample {
// publielements
public:c
int age;
void displayAge() {
cout << "Age = " << age <<
endl;
}
};
int main() {
// declare a class object
Sample obj1;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
// store input in age of the obj1
object
cin >> obj1.age;
// call class function
obj1.displayAge();
return 0;
}
public Access Modifier
62. 62
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// define a class
class Sample {
// public elements
public:
int age;
void displayAge() {
cout << "Age = " << age
<< endl;
}
int main() {
// declare a class object
Sample obj1;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
// store input in age of the
obj1 object
cin >> obj1.age;
// call class function
obj1.displayAge();
public Access Modifier
63. private Access Modifier
The private keyword is used to create private
members (data and functions).
The private members can only be accessed from
within the class.
However, friend classes and friend functions can
access private members.
63
64. 64
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// define a class
class Sample {
// private elements/attributes
private:
int age;
// public methods
public:
void displayAge(int a) {
age = a;
cout << "Age = " << age <<
endl;
}
};
int main() {
int ageInput;
// declare an object
Sample obj1;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> ageInput;
// call function and pass ageInput as
argument
obj1.displayAge(ageInput);
return 0;
}
private Access Modifier
68. Protected Access Modifier
The protected keyword is used to create protected
members.
The protected are used in inheritance.
Father ------ son
Base class -------derived class/child class
68
69. Constructor
69
A constructor gets called automatically when we create
the object of the class.
It is used to initialize the data members of new object
generally.
The constructor in C++ has the same name as class or
structure.
There can be two types of constructors in C++.
Default constructor
Parameterized constructor
70. Constructor
70
Constructors are mostly declared in the public section of
the class though they can be declared in the private
section of the class.
Constructors do not return values; hence they do not
have a return type.
A constructor gets called automatically when we create
the object of the class.
71. Types of Constructor Definitions in C++
In C++, there are 2 methods by which a constructor can be
declared:
1. Defining the Constructor Within the Class
<class-name> (list-of-parameters) {
// constructor definition
}
71
72. 2. Defining the Constructor Outside the Class
<class-name> {
// Declaring the constructor
// Definiton will be provided outside
<class-name>( );
// Defining remaining class
}
<class-name>: :<class-name>(list-of-parameters) {
// constructor definition
72
75. DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR
75
A constructor which has no argument is known as default
constructor. A default constructor is a constructor that
doesnt take any argument. It has no parameters. It is also
called a zero-argument constructor.
class Employee
{
public:
Employee( )
{
cout<<"Default Constructor
Invoked"<<endl;
}
};
Class Name is
Employee
Constructor given as
same name as class
name Employee()
76. 76
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee
{
public:
Employee()
{
cout<<"Default Constructor
Invoked"<<endl;
}
};
int main(void)
{
Employee e1;
Employee e2;
return 0;
}
Class Name is
Employee
Constructor given as
same name as class
name Employee()
Constructor invoked at
the time of object
creation
DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR
77. Parameterized Constructor
77
A constructor which has parameters is called
parameterized constructor. It is used to provide different
values to distinct objects.
class Employee
{
public:
Employee(int i, float c)
{
id=i;
salary=c;
}
};
Class Name is
Employee
Constructor given as
same name as class
name Employee()
79. 79
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
public:
int id;
string name;
float salary;
Employee(int i, string n, float s)
{
id = i;
name = n;
salary = s;
}
void display()
{
cout<<id<<" "<<name<<"
"<<salary<<endl;
}
Parameterized
Constructor
int main(void) {
Employee e1 =Employee(101, "Sonoo",
890000); //creating an object of Employee
Employee e2=Employee(102, "Nakul",
59000);
e1.display();
e2.display();
return 0;
}
80. Destructor
80
A destructor works opposite to constructor; it destructs the
objects of classes. It can be defined only once in a class.
Like constructors, it is invoked automatically.
A destructor is defined like constructor. It must have same
name as class. But it is prefixed with a tilde sign (~).
Destructor is an instance member function that is invoked
automatically whenever an object is going to be
destroyed. Meaning, a destructor is the last function that is
going to be called before an object is destroyed.
81. 81
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee
{
public:
Employee()
{
cout<<"Constructor Invoked"<<endl;
}
~Employee()
{
cout<<"Destructor Invoked"<<endl;
}
};
int main(void)
{
Employee e1; //creating an object of Employee
Employee e2; //creating an object of Employee
return 0;
}
Destructor
82. 2. Defining the Constructor Outside the Class
<class-name> {
// Declaring the constructor
// Definiton will be provided outside
<class-name>( );
// Defining remaining class
}
<class-name>: :<class-name>(list-of-parameters) {
// constructor definition
82
85. DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR
85
A constructor which has no argument is known as default
constructor. A default constructor is a constructor that
doesnt take any argument. It has no parameters. It is also
called a zero-argument constructor.
class Employee
{
public:
Employee( )
{
cout<<"Default Constructor
Invoked"<<endl;
}
};
Class Name is
Employee
Constructor given as
same name as class
name Employee()
86. 86
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee
{
public:
Employee()
{
cout<<"Default Constructor
Invoked"<<endl;
}
};
int main(void)
{
Employee e1;
Employee e2;
return 0;
}
Class Name is
Employee
Constructor given as
same name as class
name Employee()
Constructor invoked at
the time of object
creation
DEFAULT CONSTRUCTOR
87. Parameterized Constructor
87
A constructor which has parameters is called
parameterized constructor. It is used to provide different
values to distinct objects.
class Employee
{
public:
Employee(int i, float c)
{
id=i;
salary=c;
}
};
Class Name is
Employee
Constructor given as
same name as class
name Employee()
89. 89
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
public:
int id;
string name;
float salary;
Employee(int i, string n, float s)
{
id = i;
name = n;
salary = s;
}
void display()
{
cout<<id<<" "<<name<<"
"<<salary<<endl;
}
Parameterized
Constructor
int main(void) {
Employee e1 =Employee(101, "Sonoo",
890000); //creating an object of Employee
Employee e2=Employee(102, "Nakul",
59000);
e1.display();
e2.display();
return 0;
}
90. Array of Objects
90
Like array of other user-defined data types, an array of
type class can also be created.
The array of type class contains the objects of the class as
its individual elements.
Thus, an array of a class type is also known as an array of
objects.
An array of objects is declared in the same way as an
array of any built-in data type.
Syntax: class_name array_name [size] ;
91. 91
#include <iostream>
class MyClass {
int x;
public:
void setX(int i)
{
x = i;
}
int getX() {
return x;
}
};
void main()
{
MyClass obs[4];
int i;
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
obs[i].setX(i);
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
cout << "obs[" << i << "].getX(): " << obs[i].getX()
<< "n";
getch();
}
Array of
Objects
Editor's Notes
#64: In油main(), the object油obj1油cannot directly access the class variable油age.
// error cin >> obj1.age;
![Array of Objects
90
Like array of other user-defined data types, an array of
type class can also be created.
The array of type class contains the objects of the class as
its individual elements.
Thus, an array of a class type is also known as an array of
objects.
An array of objects is declared in the same way as an
array of any built-in data type.
Syntax: class_name array_name [size] ;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit-1-ooad-250226103548-cf9cacf0/85/UNIT-1-Ood-ddnwkjfnewcsdkjnjkfnskfn-pptx-90-320.jpg)
![91
#include <iostream>
class MyClass {
int x;
public:
void setX(int i)
{
x = i;
}
int getX() {
return x;
}
};
void main()
{
MyClass obs[4];
int i;
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
obs[i].setX(i);
for(i=0; i < 4; i++)
cout << "obs[" << i << "].getX(): " << obs[i].getX()
<< "n";
getch();
}
Array of
Objects](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit-1-ooad-250226103548-cf9cacf0/85/UNIT-1-Ood-ddnwkjfnewcsdkjnjkfnskfn-pptx-91-320.jpg)