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Unit 13 nervous system

J
Jeff Paek

The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system as consisting of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system, allowing for both voluntary and involuntary control of the body.

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The Nervous System
I. The Nervous System A. Two main divisions : The Central Nervous System (CNS) The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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B. The CNS 1. Two main parts: The Brain : the main switch where impulses originate and flow. The Spinal Cord : the link between the brain and the rest of the body.
C. The Brain 1. MAJOR DIVISIONS Cerebrum : part of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body. Lobes Frontal - personality Temporal - auditory Parietal integrates senses Occipital visual area
Cerebellum : part of the brain that coordinates and balances the actions of muscle Brainstem : structure that connects the brain with the spinal cord; controls involuntary functions ex. breathing, heart rate coughing; coordinates and integrates all the information coming into the brain.
Lobes of the Brain temporal frontal parietal occipital Central Nervous System brain spinal cord cerebellum brainstem medulla oblongata Page 35 in UP
D. The PNS 1. Two major divisions Sensory : transmits impulses from the sense organs to the CNS Motor : transmits impulses from the CNS to the muscle or glands
E. Motor Divisions in the PNS Autonomic : regulates involuntary activities. Sympathetic nervous system : stimulates fight-or-flight reactions; gas pedal Parasympathetic nervous system : stimulates calmer functions such as digestion; break Somatic : regulates activities under conscious control such as muscle movement and reflexes.
F. Neurons Cells that carry messages throughout the nervous system. Types Sensory Neurons: carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord. Motor Neurons: carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands. Interneurons: (association) connect sensory and motor neurons and carries impulses between them.
motor neuron sensory neuron
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3. Parts of a motor neuron cell body nucleus dendrites axon myelin sheath (schwann cells) motor end plate motor end brush
cell body nucleus axon myelin Effector (muscle) motor end plate end brush { dendrite cytoplasm Page 32
G. Impulses moves along a neuron Resting Potential : the difference in charge across a nerve cell membrane resulting from the negative charge on the inside and the positive charge on the outside = polarized Threshold : A minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron.
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Action Potential : changes in membrane potential that characterize a nerve impulse. the depolarization and repolarization of the membrane. Myelin : substance composed of lipids and protein than forms an insulated sheath around an axon. It increases the rate of the impulse.
depolarization depolarization repolarization repolarization depolar.
a b c d e f g h synapse neurotransmitter axon terminal myelin axon cell body dendrite receptor answers Identify the parts of the neuron What direction does the impulse travel? Page 34
H. Stimulation of a neuron Receptors : special sensory neurons in sense organs that receive stimuli from the external environment. Effectors : muscle or glands that bring about a coordinated response.
Synapses : points of near contact which impulses are chemically passed from one neuron to another. Neurotransmitters : chemicals located within vesicles that are used by the neuron to signal another. Example = acetyl choline,
I. Simple Reflex Arc Sensory neuron : neuron that carries impulses from the sense organs to the brain and/or spinal cord. Interneuron : (association) cell that connects sensory and motor neurons and carries impulses between them. Motor neuron : neuron that carries impulses from the brain and/or spinal cord to muscles and glands.
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sensory neuron cell body (sensory neuron) receptors synapse synapse motor neuron effector (muscle) association neuron Label the diagram Page 33
More on the brain. The human brain has a continuous electrical activity Can be recorded by an electroencephalogram (EEG) Used to diagnose diseases of the brain, such as epilepsy, brain tumors, stroke and sleep disorders
EEG activity. Changes in different situations
What is brain death? Irreversible cessation of all brain activity for a period of 24 hours, so that cardiopulmonary functions must be artificially maintained Criteria: Deep, irreversible coma Absence of spontaneous movements Lack of response to most painful stimuli Lack of respiration when disconnected from ventilator for three minutes Absence of brain waves Lack of cranial reflexes
J. Diagnostic Techniques A. MRI magnetic resonance imaging; computer controlled radio waves and very big magnets, 25,000 times stronger than the earths atmosphere; cant use with pacemakers Page 25 in Unit 13 packet Diagram Machine types Images knee, brain Image series of head Images tissues and not bones or teeth
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open standing knee
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B. CT computerized tomography Page 27 in Unit 13 packet Machine Images kidney Series of x-ray images, can produce 3-d images; analysis on the basis of tissue density, bone white, gas and liquids black, tissue various forms of grey Used to diagnose tumors C. Sonogram Page 26 in Unit 13 packet First used in WWII to locate submerged objects Uses ultra sound to image internal organs
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Unit 13 nervous system

  • 2. I. The Nervous System A. Two main divisions : The Central Nervous System (CNS) The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
  • 3. 油
  • 4. B. The CNS 1. Two main parts: The Brain : the main switch where impulses originate and flow. The Spinal Cord : the link between the brain and the rest of the body.
  • 5. C. The Brain 1. MAJOR DIVISIONS Cerebrum : part of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body. Lobes Frontal - personality Temporal - auditory Parietal integrates senses Occipital visual area
  • 6. Cerebellum : part of the brain that coordinates and balances the actions of muscle Brainstem : structure that connects the brain with the spinal cord; controls involuntary functions ex. breathing, heart rate coughing; coordinates and integrates all the information coming into the brain.
  • 7. Lobes of the Brain temporal frontal parietal occipital Central Nervous System brain spinal cord cerebellum brainstem medulla oblongata Page 35 in UP
  • 8. D. The PNS 1. Two major divisions Sensory : transmits impulses from the sense organs to the CNS Motor : transmits impulses from the CNS to the muscle or glands
  • 9. E. Motor Divisions in the PNS Autonomic : regulates involuntary activities. Sympathetic nervous system : stimulates fight-or-flight reactions; gas pedal Parasympathetic nervous system : stimulates calmer functions such as digestion; break Somatic : regulates activities under conscious control such as muscle movement and reflexes.
  • 10. F. Neurons Cells that carry messages throughout the nervous system. Types Sensory Neurons: carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord. Motor Neurons: carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles or glands. Interneurons: (association) connect sensory and motor neurons and carries impulses between them.
  • 12. 油
  • 13. 油
  • 14. 3. Parts of a motor neuron cell body nucleus dendrites axon myelin sheath (schwann cells) motor end plate motor end brush
  • 15. cell body nucleus axon myelin Effector (muscle) motor end plate end brush { dendrite cytoplasm Page 32
  • 16. G. Impulses moves along a neuron Resting Potential : the difference in charge across a nerve cell membrane resulting from the negative charge on the inside and the positive charge on the outside = polarized Threshold : A minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron.
  • 17. 油
  • 18. Action Potential : changes in membrane potential that characterize a nerve impulse. the depolarization and repolarization of the membrane. Myelin : substance composed of lipids and protein than forms an insulated sheath around an axon. It increases the rate of the impulse.
  • 20. a b c d e f g h synapse neurotransmitter axon terminal myelin axon cell body dendrite receptor answers Identify the parts of the neuron What direction does the impulse travel? Page 34
  • 21. H. Stimulation of a neuron Receptors : special sensory neurons in sense organs that receive stimuli from the external environment. Effectors : muscle or glands that bring about a coordinated response.
  • 22. Synapses : points of near contact which impulses are chemically passed from one neuron to another. Neurotransmitters : chemicals located within vesicles that are used by the neuron to signal another. Example = acetyl choline,
  • 23. I. Simple Reflex Arc Sensory neuron : neuron that carries impulses from the sense organs to the brain and/or spinal cord. Interneuron : (association) cell that connects sensory and motor neurons and carries impulses between them. Motor neuron : neuron that carries impulses from the brain and/or spinal cord to muscles and glands.
  • 24. 油
  • 25. sensory neuron cell body (sensory neuron) receptors synapse synapse motor neuron effector (muscle) association neuron Label the diagram Page 33
  • 26. More on the brain. The human brain has a continuous electrical activity Can be recorded by an electroencephalogram (EEG) Used to diagnose diseases of the brain, such as epilepsy, brain tumors, stroke and sleep disorders
  • 27. EEG activity. Changes in different situations
  • 28. What is brain death? Irreversible cessation of all brain activity for a period of 24 hours, so that cardiopulmonary functions must be artificially maintained Criteria: Deep, irreversible coma Absence of spontaneous movements Lack of response to most painful stimuli Lack of respiration when disconnected from ventilator for three minutes Absence of brain waves Lack of cranial reflexes
  • 29. J. Diagnostic Techniques A. MRI magnetic resonance imaging; computer controlled radio waves and very big magnets, 25,000 times stronger than the earths atmosphere; cant use with pacemakers Page 25 in Unit 13 packet Diagram Machine types Images knee, brain Image series of head Images tissues and not bones or teeth
  • 30. 油
  • 32. 油
  • 33. 油
  • 34. B. CT computerized tomography Page 27 in Unit 13 packet Machine Images kidney Series of x-ray images, can produce 3-d images; analysis on the basis of tissue density, bone white, gas and liquids black, tissue various forms of grey Used to diagnose tumors C. Sonogram Page 26 in Unit 13 packet First used in WWII to locate submerged objects Uses ultra sound to image internal organs
  • 35. 油
  • 36. 油
  • 37. 油